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Objects of Iron

Objects of Iron

Profile image of Jörn SchusterJörn Schuster

2012, Saunders, P. (ed.), Salisbury Museum medieval catalogue part 4, 143-199

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Objects of Iron by Jörn Schuster, Peter Saunders and David Algar INTRODUCTION The ironwork in the collection is derived essentially from three sources. Firstly, there are objects recovered from dateable contexts, particularly those from excavations at Old Sarum, Clarendon Palace and the deserted medieval village at Gomeldon. Secondly, there are casual inds, notably those from the foundation collection of the Museum, the Drainage Collection, comprising objects recovered from the medieval drainage canals in Salisbury (for an overview of which see Saunders 2009). Thirdly, there are many un-associated inds from the River Avon within the city and from other locations in south Wiltshire. Many of these objects are of forms virtually unchanged from the medieval period until the advent of industrialisation. Of these, emphasis has been given to those that can be dated on typological grounds and are thus most probably of medieval date. There is further south Wiltshire material, much of which may too be of medieval origin but for which direct evidence is lacking and which is thus omitted. This includes some of the iron objects recovered from in and around King John’s House, Tollard Royal (Pitt Rivers 1890). This catalogue follows broadly the order and classiication adopted by Ian Goodall in his general survey of the products of the medieval blacksmith (Goodall 1981) and his doctoral thesis, Ironwork in Medieval Britain: an archaeological survey, submitted in 1980 and recently published (Goodall 2011). We greatly regret that Ian’s untimely death in 2006 prevented him contributing to this catalogue as an author. Where objects have been made of either iron or copper alloy it has been felt appropriate to catalogue them under the material most commonly used; thus locks and keys of copper alloy are included here, identiied by (AE) within the description, while buckles, brooches, belt hooks, purse-frames and jews’ harps of iron have been included in the section on copper alloy. For arms and armour and spurs see Part 1 of this catalogue series (Borg 1991, 79-92 and Ellis 1991, 54-78). Keys, with knives and shears, are particularly numerous. This is perhaps to be expected since very many were recovered from the mid-nineteenth century drainage works (Drainage coll.) at a time when inders would doubtless have been attracted to complete and recognisable objects, whereas today less-appealing fragments would also be collected to enable a broader picture of material culture to be constructed. Given that the wealth of medieval Salisbury was largely founded upon the woollen industry, it is surprising that, apart from shears, so little evidence of textile manufacturing has been collected, perhaps because such items as heckle teeth and tenter hooks have gone unrecognised. Nevertheless, the collection as a whole includes a very wide range of iron objects and its signiicance as a source of comparison is not to be under-valued. Of particular note are the exceptionally rare shackles excavated from a grave within the Cathedral at Old Sarum (Cat 238) and a number of pieces of constructional ironwork, including cramps and tie bars, recovered during episodes of restoration on the spire of Salisbury Cathedral (Cat 82-4). 144 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 CATALOGUE Evidence for iron manufacture 1 Seven smithing hearth bottoms. One is plano-convex, D. 100-110mm, Th. 30mm, Wt. c.620 g. Half of a second is D. c.135mm, Th. 30mm, Wt. c.450 g. Found with fragments of slag and iron at Winterbourne Dauntsey, recovered during widening of the A338. 2010.30 These were associated with seven small thirteenth-century sherds, including two glazed fragments of Laverstock-type ineware. Smithing hearth bottoms form in the blacksmith’s hearth during the secondary working of iron and here provide evidence of a medieval roadside smithy at Winterbourne Dauntsey. In the absence of metallurgical analysis the source of the raw material remains uncertain, especially because only very few contemporary primary production sites where ore was smelted are known nationally (Crossley 1981, 30-33). In Wiltshire iron smelting had been carried out at Ramsbury in the Middle Saxon period (Haslam 1980), and only a single medieval, probably twelfth/thirteenthcentury, site has been identiied, that at Clackers Brook, Melksham (Dungworth 2011). An interesting thirteenth-century roadside smithy at Godmanchester, Cambridgeshire with remains of both furnaces and smithing hearths demonstrates that primary and secondary working did not necessarily have to be spatially separated and that the skills of iron making and blacksmithing could be carried out by the same person (Crossley 1981, 31 and ig. 25). Metal working tools 2 Hammer-head with two small iron wedges in perforation. L. 85mm. From Old Sarum, east suburb excavations, pit 1. 11th century. Stone and Charlton 1935, 184 and ig. 3, no. 1. OS.C92; 1934.111; 2000R.7 Fig 00 burring. L. 100mm. From Gomeldon, building 3. 13th-14th century. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 29. 1967.148.5.20 Fig 00 There is another iron object from Gomeldon, building 1 that has been described as a punch (Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 30), but this attribution is considered doubtful. 4 Tongs. L. 197mm. One arm has a ball terminal. Casual ind from Old Sarum. Goodall 2011, 12 no. A23 and ig. 2.4. OS.D2; 2000R.34 Fig 00 These are most likely metalworker’s tongs but other uses are possible, even tooth extraction. Similar tongs have been found at Degannwy Castle, Gwynedd (Goodall 1981, 51 and ig. 50, no. 1) and at Faccombe Netherton (Fairbrother 1990, 403 and ig. 9.1, no. 10). Wood working tools Without a securely dated context utilitarian objects like many woodworking tools have a potentially wide date range: from the Roman to the modern period. While there is a range of tools found in Salisbury, they are not all demonstrably medieval. 5 Carpenter’s axe head. L. 192mm. W. of cutting edge 304mm. Found while digging foundations at Downton tannery. Stevens 1931, 489-90. 1930.176 Fig 00 Comparisons for such T-shaped axe heads from London (Ward-Perkins 1940, 57-8 ig. 12, 3), Milk Street, London (Pritchard in Vince 1991, 137 ig. 3.14) and the Flixborough hoard (Ottaway in Evans and Loveluck 2009, 262-4 igs 7.6-7) illustrate their date range, covering the eighth to thirteenth century. The head of a claw hammer was also recorded in O.S. Diary 1910, 20 as having been found in a garderobe pit within the castle. 6 Bearded axe head with winged socket and square hammer butt. There is a maker’s mark of three G’s on the cheek. L. 203mm. W. of cutting edge 188mm. Found during demolition work at Fisherton Mill, Salisbury. Late medieval. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1970-1, 22 and pl. IVA. 1970.94 Fig 00 3 Square-ended punch; other end has slight 7 Gimlet. L. 95mm. Head of shaft is split and Objects of Iron 145 ends are forged to form a hollow T-shaped grip. Drainage coll. Egan 1998, 146 and ig. 114. SD340; 2007R.323 Fig 00 age coll. of a more elongated form, which are considered to be post-medieval. The T-shaped grip was an ideal handle form for use with a rotary tool. There is also a damaged example from the Drainage coll. (SD343; 1999R.28.3). Agricultural tools 8 Gimlet bit. L. 130mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 208 and ig. 73, no. 1. 1957.47 Fig 00 9 Auger spoon bit. L. 124mm. Drainage coll. SD331; 1999R.23.5 Fig 00 This and four others from the Drainage coll. (1999R.23.2 and .8-10) have wedge-shaped narrowing tangs. Stone working tools 10 Plummet. Circular section, with hook for attachment to a line. L. 172mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 208 and fig. 73, no. 2. 1957.47 Fig 00 Leather working tools 11 Tanged knife with upturned blade. L. (overall) 99mm. Found on allotments at Great Wishford. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1967-8, 18 and pl. IIb. 1968.21 Fig 00 Perhaps ifteenth century. For a comparable example from the Thames at Wandsworth see Ward Perkins 1940, 52 and pl. xi, 4. 12 Currier’s knife blade. L. (overall) 135mm. Blade-smith’s mark: H. Drainage coll. SD283; 2007R.214 Fig 00 For a comparable example, dated c.1400, see Moore 1999, 77. There is another, similar but much corroded, example (1999R.12.7) from the Drainage coll. There are two currier’s knives in material from The Millstream, Salisbury, recovered in 1975, which from the context must be ifteenth century or later (2005.1), and fourteen from the Drain- 13 Sickle blade, parallel-sided, tip missing, cutting edge, L. (surviving) c.230mm. W. (max) 28mm. Square-sectioned whittle tang, L. c.90mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 208 and ig. 73, no. 3. 1957.47 Fig 00 Knives, shears and scissors In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the cutlers of Salisbury had their premises around the Market Place or in the streets immediately adjacent to it, a pattern most probably established in the medieval period. Sebode le Cutiller is recorded as holder of a tenement in Brown Street at the end of the thirteenth century (Wordsworth 1903, 146). The ‘increased sophistication and self-consciousness of the craftsmen themselves’, considered to be an important factor in the development of craft guilds in the thirteenth century (Grew in Cowgill et al. 1987, viii-x), led to the appearance of cutlers’ marks on the blades of some knives and shears. With regard to the detection of these marks on blades, it should be noted that as a consequence of further analysis by conservators of 25 blades from London, it was found that about a third of these had marks, inlays etc. that were not visible from the x-radiographs (Egan in Cowgill et al. 2000, x). Unfortunately, no records of medieval Salisbury cutlers’ marks have yet come to light that would link the marks on blades in the collection to named cutlers. In Salisbury, as early as September 1440, the ‘Cotelers’ were a part of a guild that included pewterers and saddlers. These trades were referred to in the minutes of a meeting called by the Corporation in connection with raising money to complete the city’s defences (Haskins 1912, 59-61). During the reign of Elizabeth I this guild was united with that of the smiths to form one company, which now included all the metal working trades. ‘The Companye of Smythes’ was the irst to be reconstituted under 146 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 the new Charter of Incorporation given to the City by James I in 1612 (Haskins 1912, 370-1). In the post-medieval period Salisbury cutlery was to be compared favourably with that from London and Shefield; in an old saying Salisbury had become famed for: The height of its steeple, The pride of its people, Its scissors and knives, And diligent wives. Knives While no chronological assertions can be based on the collection from Salisbury, it is clear from other English sites (see, for example, London: Cowgill et al. 1987; 2000, 25) that knife handles before the early fourteenth century were virtually all attached to whittle tangs. After a hiatus since the Roman period, when scale-tang blades were in widespread use throughout the empire, this form of handle attachment becomes increasingly more common again during the fourteenth century, having made its re-appearance around the mid-thirteenth century (see, for example, Winchester: Goodall 1990a, 838–9; compare also Goodall in Margeson 1993, 128). While scale tangs are lacking in the collection from Coppergate, York, where substantial thirteenth to fourteenth-century deposits had been excavated (Ottaway and Rogers 2002, 2751; 2762), London provides the most extensive collection from well-dated contexts (Cowgill et al. 1987; 2000), with other important collections for instance from Winchester (Goodall 1990a) and Norwich (Margeson 1993). Ian Goodall developed a typological series for knives based on shape (ten whittle-tang and six scale tang types, see Goodall 2011, 106-8, ig. 8.2-3) but we have relied on description rather than following him since the original outlines of the majority of the knives here are now uncertain. Whittle-tang blades The distinguishing feature of the whittle-tanged knife is that it has a handle, typically cylindrical, knocked onto a tang. The latter is tapering and usually of rectangular section and, in the period considered here, is typically central to the blade. 14 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, perhaps with a slight channel. L. (surviving) 150mm. W. (max.) 21mm. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 189mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 73, no. 4. 1957.47 Fig 00 15 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, sloping shoulder, tip broken away. L. (surviving) 96mm. W. (max.) 20mm. Tang set slightly nearer line of back. L. (overall) 139mm. Found in the east suburb of Old Sarum during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C136 16 Knife. Blade, slightly curved back, with a single swage. L. (surviving) c.115mm. W. (max.) 23mm. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 160mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 74, no. 13. 1957.47 Fig 00 17 Knife. Blade, edge curving to straight back. L. 143mm. W. (max.) 20mm. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 184mm. Found under a medieval pottery kiln at Laverstock. 13th century. 1967.145 Fig 00 18 Knife. Blade, with straight back and downward sloping edge, end of blade missing, straight shoulder and choil. Tang, L. 53mm, set slightly nearer line of back. L. (overall surviving) 101mm. Drainage coll. SD403; 1999R.888 Fig 00 Compare Cowgill et al. 1987, 86 no. 55 and ig. 58 of early-mid fourteenth-century date. 19 Knife. Blade, with slightly curved back. L. 135mm. W. (max) 17mm at about the mid-point. Cutler’s mark: ?crescent over an M, impressed twice. Remains of parallel-sided tang, almost aligned with the back of the blade. L. (overall) 156mm. Drainage coll. SD402; 1999R.889 Fig 00 20 Knife. Blade, curved back, lacking tip. L. (surviving) 103mm. W. 15mm. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 162mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 74, no. 15. 1957.47 Fig 00 21 Knife. Blade, with triangular section and slightly Objects of Iron curved back, Th. (max) 4mm.; sloping shoulder. L. 82mm. W. (max) 11mm. Square tang, central to blade. L. (overall) 100mm. Drainage coll. SD400; 1999R.886 Fig 00 For a comparable blade of late thirteenthcentury date see Cowgill et al. 1987, 82 no. 28 and ig. 55. 22 Knife. Blade, slightly curved back. L. (surviving) 92mm. W. (max.) 14mm. Square tang, central to blade. L. (overall) 140mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 73, no. 7. 1957.47 Fig 00 23 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, lacking tip, back has a swage on both sides along entire remaining length, sloping shoulder. L. (surviving) 61mm. W. (max) 13mm. Cutler’s mark: T, inlaid with copper alloy. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 125mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 74, no. 14. 1957.47.33 Fig 00 This is the only blade from Clarendon Palace with a visible cutler’s mark. There are seven other whittle-tang blades from Clarendon Palace: see Goodall 1988, 211. 24 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, tip broken off, but wear suggests it continued to be used. L. (surviving) 90mm. W. (max) 16mm. Trace of cutler’s mark. Copper-alloy hilt plate. Tang extends beyond the end of a bone handle, the end cap of which is missing. The handle, which is set in line with the back of the blade, has its end decorated with 6 ring-and-dot patterns set between 2 transverse lines. L. (overall) 170mm. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. 1993.1 Fig 00 25 Knife. Blade, parallel-sided, the back sloping down to the tip. L. (surviving) 180mm. W. 36mm. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 231mm. Excavated in Brown Street, Salisbury. 13th to early 14th century. Loader 2000, 29. 2006R.1 Fig 00 X-radiography suggests construction from iron with a steel cutting edge. 26 Knife. Blade, straight-backed. L. 127mm. W. 147 (max.) 36mm. Possible traces of a sheath. The stub of the central tang has traces of a wooden handle. The lack of rivets suggests that this is the remains of a whittle-tang knife. L. (overall) 155mm. From excavations in the east suburb at Old Sarum 1958, bottom of pit 1. 12th-13th century. Musty and Rahtz 1964, 143 and ig. 5, no. 4. OS.C58; 1963.76 Fig 00 27 Knife. Blade, parallel-sided with the back curving down to the tip. Slight groove, parallel with the back, on both sides; sloping shoulder. L. 105mm. W. (max. surviving) 22mm. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 150mm. ?Drainage coll. 2007R.230 Fig 00 28 Knife. Blade, back curving down to the tip. Straight cutting-edge. L. 130mm. W. (max.) 24mm. Cutler’s mark: irregular X, inlaid with copper alloy. Stub of probable whittle tang aligned with the back of the blade. L. (overall surviving) 142mm. From Old Sarum, possibly the knife found in 1910 near the east end of the ‘hall’. ?14th century. O.S. Diary 1910, 24. 1920-1.30; OS.C139 Fig 00 29 Knife. Blade, triangular, with straight back sloping down to the tip. L. 82mm. W. (max.) 22mm. Tang central to blade. L. (overall) 133mm. Found in the east suburb of Old Sarum during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C137 Fig 00 30 Knife. Blade, probably parallel-sided. L. (surviving) 20mm. Oval-sectioned horn handle, L. 82mm, rough iling marks from rasp all over surface. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. 1993.1 Fig 00 A similarly-shaped handle comes from Billingsgate Lorry Park, London, but this one is attached to a scale tang (Cowgill et al. 1987, 95 no. 133 and ig. 65). Scale-tang blades The scale-tanged knife has a handle made using scales or plates, typically of wood, bone or horn, afixed to a lat tang, which extends to the whole length of the handle. More components are required for this type of knife than the whittle-tang and thus greater opportunity exists for decoration. 148 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 31 Knife. Blade, straight-backed and with plain copper-alloy shoulder plates extending beyond irst rivet. L. 103mm. W. (max) 14mm. Tang is in line with the back of blade and has bone scales held by 3 small iron rivets and top end of scales with at least 4 notches. L. (overall) 194mm. Found in the Millstream, Salisbury. 1986.8 Fig 00 Compare a knife from Barentin’s Manor, Chalgrove, Oxfordshire, from an early to mid-fourteenth-century context, which has undulating scale ends with one notch but open rivets (Page et al. 2005, 94 ig. 3.17, 15), and an example from Swan Lane, London from an early to mid-ifteenth century context, with two grooves at the scale end (Cowgill et al. 1987, 102 no. 264 and ig. 66). 36 Knife. Blade, narrow tapering blade, slightly curved, tip missing. L. 143mm. W. (max) 13mm. Tang in line with back of blade, incomplete, with 1 surviving rivet. L. (overall surviving) 172mm. From excavations in the east suburb at Old Sarum 1958. 13th-14th century Sal. Mus. Rep. 1962-3, 23 and pl. Ib, Musty and Rahtz 1964, 143 and ig. 5, no. 3. OS.C56; 1963.75 Fig 00 37 Knife. Blade, parallel-sided, broken tip. L. 95mm. W. 18mm. Tang in line with back of blade and retaining 2 iron rivets. L. (overall surviving) 156mm. From Gomeldon, building 1. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 26 (where drawing incorrectly shows three holes rather than two rivets). 1967.148.5.19.2 32 Knife. Blade, straight-backed and pointed, with decorated copper-alloy shoulder plates. L. 87mm. W. (max) 10mm. Cutler’s mark. Flat tang in line with back of blade, scales absent and no rivets apparent. L. (overall) 132mm. Drainage coll. iiC21; 1999R.883 38 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, parallel-sided, angled down to tip. L. 110mm. W. 17mm. Tang broken away at the irst rivet hole. L. (overall surviving) 114mm. From Gomeldon, building 6. Late 13th-14th century. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 25. 1967.148.5.19.1 33 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, incomplete, probably parallel-sided, and with copper-alloy shoulder plates extending beyond irst rivet. L. (surviving) 65mm. W. (max) 15mm. Tang in line with back of blade, wooden scales fastened with three remaining iron rivets. L. (surviving) 136mm. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. 1993.1 39 Knife. Blade fragment, L. c.25mm. Handleshaped tang, in line with back of blade, 4 iron rivets. L. (overall surviving) 141mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 74, no. 17. 1957.47 Fig 00 See a late fourteenth-century example from London (Cowgill et al. 1987, 95 no. 122 and ig. 64). There is a fragment of one other scale-tang blade from Clarendon Palace: see Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 74 no. 18. 34 Knife. Blade, back curving down to the tip, with copper-alloy shoulder plates. L. (surviving) 67mm. W. 15mm. Broken parallel-sided tang in line with back of blade, bone/wood scales and single rivet remaining. L. (overall surviving) 110mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 74, no. 19. 1957.47 Fig 00 40 Knife. Blade. L. (surviving) 8mm. Tang with wooden scales held by 3 rivets, probably copper-alloy. L. 81mm. From the site of the Franciscan Friary, Salisbury. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1969-70, 19. 1969.81.15 35 Knife. Blade, slightly curved back, tip missing. L. (surviving) 102mm. W. (max) 14mm. Tang in line with back of blade and rounded at the end, 3 tubular copper-alloy rivets. L. (overall) 194mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 74, no. 16. 1957.47 Fig 00 Compare Cowgill et al. 1987, 95 no. 133 and ig. 65. Late fourteenth century. 41 Knife. Blade, straight-backed and slender. L. 70mm. W. (max) 9mm. Tang in line with back of blade with ?bone scales in the shape of the tang, held with 3 iron rivets; small choil still in place when irst seen, now missing. L. (overall surviving) 143mm. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. 1993.1 Objects of Iron 42 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, tip missing. L. 68mm. W. (max surviving) 12mm. Tang in line with back of blade, with bone scales, expanded and serrated at the end, held by 3 rivets. L. (overall surviving) 138mm. From excavations in the east suburb at Old Sarum 1958. 13th-14th century. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1962-3, 23 and pl. Ib, Musty and Rahtz 1964, 143 and ig. 5, no. 2. OS.C57; 1963.75 Fig 00 43 Knife. Blade, parallel-sided. L. 64mm. W. (max) 11mm. Tang in line with back of blade, with 4 rivet holes and oval copper-alloy end plate. L. (overall) 147mm. Drainage coll. Late medieval. SD417; 1999R.900 Fig 00 The tip of the blade was probably broken and the blade end subsequently rounded for further use. For a similarly tanged blade compare Cowgill et al. 1987, 95 no. 137 and ig. 65. 44 Knife. Blade, straight-backed. L. 65mm. W. (max) 14mm. Cutler’s mark, copper-alloy inlaid. Tang in line with back of blade, with 4 rivets and part of a bone scale. L. (overall) 141mm. From Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 14th-15th century. Goodall 2011, 140 no. G304 and ig. 8.20. 19201.30; OS.C142 Fig 00 45 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, pointed. L. 100mm. W. (max) 14mm. Tang in line with back of blade, with 4 rivet holes. L. (overall) 182mm. From Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 14th-15th century. Goodall 2011, 140 no. G305 and ig. 8.20. 19201.30; OS.C141 Fig 00 46 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, cutting edge rises to tip. Copper-alloy shoulder plates. L. 126mm. W. (max) 19mm. Cutler’s mark. Tang in line with back of blade. Parts of both scales, of leather, held by 4 rivets, end cap missing. L. (overall) 222mm. ?Drainage coll. iiC45; 2007R.237 Fig 00 Compare similar tang shapes from late fourteenth-century contexts in London (Cowgill et al. 1987, 95 no. 122–3 and ig. 64). 47 Knife. Blade, parallel-sided, broken end. Copper-alloy shoulder plates up to irst rivet L. (surviving) 54mm. W. 13mm. Tang in line with back of 149 blade, bone scales with 3 iron rivets and ?copper-alloy lined end hole for suspension, thick copper-alloy oval end plate, tang protruding as end knob. L. (overall) 134mm. Drainage coll. SD415; 1999R.898 Compare Cowgill et al. 1987, 105 no. 308 and ig. 68 for an undated London example and Goodall in Margeson 1993, 130 ig. 95, 855 for a Norwich tang dated 1550-1700. 48 Knife. Blade, ‘scramasax’ derivative. Serrated weld line between steel cutting edge and iron back. Groove along one side parallel to and near back of blade. L. 138mm. W. (max) 23mm. Tang in line with back of blade, 3 rivet holes and bone end-pieces held by a single pin. L. (overall) 222mm. Drainage coll. SD405; 2007R.232 Fig 00 & cover For shape of blade only, compare Ward Perkins 1940, pl. 11, 5. See Cowgill et al. 1987, 95 no. 136 and ig. 65 for a similar two-part welded blade. 49 Knife. Blade, straight-backed and parallel-sided, tip missing. L. (surviving) 117mm. W. (max) 16mm. Tang in line with back of blade, with 3 rivets hold bone/wood scales and a protruding ‘rustic’ end-piece of copper-alloy. L. (overall) 185mm. Unprovenanced. iiC26; 2007R.243 Fig 00 50 Knife. Blade, straight-backed triangular. L. 110mm. W. (max) 13mm. Cutler’s mark. Shoulder plates. Tang in line with back of blade. Wooden scales held by 3 copper-alloy washered rivets and decorated with copper-alloy pins. L. (overall) 188mm. Drainage coll. 2007R.239; iiC19 Fig 00 51 Knife. Blade, incomplete, straight-backed. L. (surviving) 69mm. W. (surviving) 18mm Cutler’s mark. Copper-alloy shoulder plates, held by irst rivet. ?bone scales with 14 decorative tubular iron rivets in line along entire length of handle with 4 set in a lozenge pattern near the end. From the River Avon, Salisbury. Late 14th century. 1987.211.1 Fig 00 Compare knives from Meols (Grifiths et al. 2007, 207 pl. 39, 2686) and a late fourteenthcentury context at Baynard’s Castle Dock, London (Cowgill et al. 1987, 95 no. 126 and ig. 64). 150 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 52 Knife. Blade, straight-backed L. 74mm. W. (max) 16mm. Cutler’s mark. Decorated copper-alloy shoulder plate. Tang in line with back of blade; 6 rivet holes, two larger ones placed centrally and a pair of smaller ones near each end; 3 rivets survive; large heart-shaped opening below end plate, which is decorated with 2 saltires set in squares; L. (overall) 165mm. Drainage coll. ?Late 15th-16th century. iiC6; 2007R.244 Fig 00 The proile of the back of this knife is noticeable for its gentle curve. Compare Moore 1999, 294 where a tang with a similar heart-shaped perforation is illustrated. 53 Knife. Blade stub. L. 13mm. W. (max) 16mm. Decorated copper-alloy shoulder plates. Tang incomplete with at least 9 cylindrical perforations, 4 of which retain decorative tubular copper-alloy rivets. L. (surviving) 81mm. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. 1993.1 Fig 00 54 Knife. Scale tang, broken away at irst of three rivet holes. The end is rounded and has a larger hole containing a tubular copper-alloy rivet, and a U-shaped copper-alloy end plate. L. 100mm. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. Probably late ifteenth century.1993.1 Cat 53-4 come from late in the period considered in this catalogue. Comparable examples include a knife handle with three tubular rivets comes from Old Council House, Bristol, found in a context dated late ifteenth century to 1675 (Jackson 2007, 67 ig. 26, 4). Two handle fragments from Barentin’s Manor, Chalgrove, Oxfordshire, come from contexts dated late fourteenth to early ifteenth century and mid to late ifteenth century respectively (Page et al. 2005, 94 ig. 3.17. 22–23). A knife with a closely comparable ornamental pattern of similarly arranged tubular rivets was found at Nürings castle near Falkenstein, Taunus, Germany, probably destroyed in 1366, thus corroborating the date range of the Chalgrove knives (Müller 1996, 156 Abb. 2, 7). An undated knife with only one perforated rivet near the end of the handle, probably for suspension from the belt, and a ?tin/lead alloy shoulder plate comes from London (Cowgill et al. 1987, 105 no. 308 and ig. 68). Cat 55-62 comprise a group of late medieval knives, all from Salisbury, which are characterised by base-metal illets soldered around the edges of their tangs. It has been suggested (Moore 1999, 267) that the style belongs to a group of precursors of the Flemish import period and, on the basis of the discovery in Salisbury of knives of a Flemish/Dutch style, that local cutlers may have copied the style or even that possibly a Flemish or Dutch cutler was able to set up in business in Salisbury. No direct evidence, however, has been found to corroborate this. Such knives were popular imports in London in the ifteenth century (Moore 1999, 70-2) and may equally have been so in Salisbury. 55 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, curving down to point. L. 121mm. W. (max) 15mm. Cutler’s mark. Tang in line with back of blade, with latten or pewter edging strips creating recesses into which the scales would have itted; 3 rivet holes and a larger hole (?for suspension) near expanded end. L. (overall) 198mm. Drainage coll. Moore 1999, 267 and irst pl. on 269, [no.1]. iiC18 Fig 00 56 Knife. Blade, broken. L. 35mm. Copper-alloy shoulder plates. Tang expands towards a scalloped end, 4 rivet holes, 2 with iron rivets surviving. Sides bound with decorative copper-alloy edging, with separate piece shaped for the end. L. (overall) 110mm. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. Probably late ifteenth century. 1993.1 Fig 00 57 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, edge curves up to point. L. 117mm. W. (max) 14mm. Cutler’s mark. Tang with copper-alloy shoulder plates and a scalloped end plate, linked with plain latten or pewter edging strips, which create recesses into which scales would have itted; 3 rivet holes, one of which contains a tubular rivet and traces of wooden scale on one side. L. (overall) 199mm. Leather sheath, damaged, impressed with two opposed plant-like devices. L. (surviving) 117mm. W. c.17mm. Drainage coll. iiC31; 1999R.905 Fig 00 Objects of Iron 58 Knife. Blade, broken and parallel-sided. L. 30mm. W. 13mm. Tang in line with back of blade, wooden scales framed within a latten or pewter edging strip; at the lat end the tip of the tang just protrudes. L. (overall surviving) 116mm. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. 1993.1 Fig 00 59 Knife. Blade, straight-backed, cutting edge curves up to tip. L. 79mm. W. (max) 10mm. Tang in line with back of blade, with copper-alloy shoulder plates and an edging, decorated with impressed design reminiscent of wrigglework. L. (overall) 138mm. Drainage coll. iiC17; 2007R.241 Fig 00 60 Knife. Blade, straight-backed and parallelsided. L. 99mm. W. 13mm. Tang in line with back of blade, copper-alloy shoulder plates, oval end-cap and an edging decorated with impressed design reminiscent of wrigglework; tang end protrudes as a simple ‘tenon’. L. (overall) 175mm. Moore 1999, 267 and pl. on 269, [no. 2]. Drainage coll. SD409; 1999R.892 61 Knife. Blade, parallel-sided. L. 96mm. W. 11mm. Tang in line with back of blade, copper-alloy shoulder plates; surviving part of copper-alloy edging, decorated with impressed design reminiscent of wrigglework. End cap missing. L. (overall) 169mm. Moore 1999, 267 and pl. on 269, [no. 3]. Drainage coll. SD411; 1999R.894 This and Cat 60 may be from the same maker. 62 Knife. Blade, parallel-sided. L. 123mm. W. 15mm. ?Cutler’s mark. Tang in line with back of blade, copper-alloy shoulder plates, edging strips decorated with impressed design reminiscent of wrigglework; notched terminal topped by an ovoid inial. Wooden scales. L. (overall) 208mm. Drainage coll. iiC16; 2007R.238 Fig 00 63 Knife-dagger. Blade, symmetrical but with a single cutting edge. L. 90mm. W. (max) 17mm. Cutler’s mark. Copper-alloy shoulder plates forming a waisted cylinder, L. 19mm. Tang, slightly tapering, with 4 rivet holes, shaped end. W. (max) 14mm. L. 95mm. ?Drainage coll. SD406; 2007R.233 Fig 00 151 See Moore 1999, second pl. on 73, [no. 3], and comparable hilt on knife-dagger from the Thames at Westminster (Ward Perkins 1940, 53 and pl. 12, 5). 64 Knife tang, broken. L. 50mm. One rivet hole visible, copper-alloy end plates with incised linear decoration, different on both sides. From the River Avon, Bridge Street, Salisbury. 1993.1 Fig 00 Fifteenth century. The decoration on the plaques is crude and simple; examples are known with images such as saints, animals and birds. The plaques were probably engraved separately and then applied to the knife. Here the shoulder of the knife has not survived but on such knives found in London and Holland some have their shoulders cut and engraved, often with a row of feathers (see, for example, Moore 1999, 72 and plate on 70). Knife terminals and inials were to become more ornate or elaborate in the Tudor period and the collection includes some that we have omitted in the absence of secure dateable contexts. Shears There are over thirty pairs of shears in the collection. This may in part relect the importance of Salisbury as a textile production centre in medieval times. Smaller examples were probably used domestically for cutting light-weight fabric, thread and hair while larger ones would have been used in the cloth industry or for sheep-shearing. Shears comprise two blades, two arms and a sprung bow. The blades taper to points or have angled tips. Once invented, shears display little change over time and their dating often depends upon non-essential features. Thus it can be dificult to determine where, within the medieval/post-medieval continuum, a particular pair, without context, is located. Late fourteenthcentury blades frequently have slightly curved backs, often with a cutler’s mark on one or both blades, and sometimes multiple cusps. Early to mid ifteenth-century blades tend to become narrower with straighter backs. The backs are oc- 152 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 casionally decorated. The arms are plain or have recesses, the latter being cusped and sometimes notched. Bows are characteristic of medieval shears; a central rib becomes a common feature by the early fourteenth century. 65 Shears, one arm broken and blade missing, L. 209mm. Blade, with pointed tip, L. 87mm. W. (max) 17mm. From Old Sarum, east suburb excavations, pit 1. Apparently 11th or 12th century. Stone and Charlton 1935, 184 and ig. 3, no. 2. OS.C93; 1934.111 Fig 00 Ward Perkins 1940, 153 and ig. 48 no. 2 cited this as one of his dated series of shears because of its association with a coin of William I. 66 Shears, lacking the ends of both blades, L. (max surviving) 92mm. Blade, parallel-sided, L. (surviving) 43mm. W. 10mm. Single cusp. From Old Sarum, found in 1910 in garderobe pit no. 2. O.S. Diary 1910, 24. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 23, 514. OS.C28; 2000R.26 Fig 00 A thirteenth to early fourteenth-century date is likely, given their association within the garderobe pit-group. 67 Four fragmentary pairs of shears, all slender. These are L. (overall) c.150mm and have blades L. c.90mm. W. 10mm, one with tapering tips. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, nos. 25-8. 1957.47 These shears, being small, are likely to have been for domestic or personal use. 68 Shears, tips broken, L. (max surviving) 228mm. Blades taper, L. (surviving) 107mm. W. (max) 25mm. From Gomeldon, in a post-hole of building 2. 12th century. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 22. 1964.69 As this is one of the largest shears in the collection, and from a rural context, it is likely to have been used for shearing sheep. 69 Shears, L. 217mm. Blades have slightly curved backs and pointed tips, L. 102mm. W. (max) 23mm. One blade bears two cutler’s marks. Concave-sectioned bow and slight trace of a single cusp. Drainage coll. SD295; 2007R.288 Fig 00 Compare a smaller pair from an early to mid thirteenth-century context in London (Cowgill et al. 1987, 106 no. 312 and ig. 70). 70 Shears, L. 84mm. Blades have pointed tips, L. 42mm. W. (max) 8mm. Single cusp and slight ridge to bow. From Avon Approach, Salisbury. 1957.110.2 Fig 00 There is another, longer example, from River Avon, Crane Bridge, Salisbury (1963.26.6). Compare Cowgill et al. 1987, 108 no. 337 and 111 no. 342 and ig. 73. Late fourteenth century. 71 Shears, L. 140mm. Narrow blades, straightbacked with angled tips, L. 78mm. W. (max) 9mm. Cutler’s mark: ive-point star inlaid with copper alloy on one blade. Single cusp. Drainage coll. SD292; 2007R.284 Fig 00 There is a similar pair, slightly shorter, from the River Avon, Fisherton Bridge, Salisbury (1957.9.3) that has a single surviving blade, the metallurgy of which was examined by R. F. Tylecote in 1981 revealing that ‘a very small piece of steel has been welded to the edge’ (typescript in Museum). There is another from the Drainage Collection of the same form but 198mm in length (SD290; 2007R.280). 72 Shears, ends of both blades snapped off, L. (max) surviving 101mm. Blades parallel-sided, L. (max surviving) 54mm. W. (max) 8mm. There is a complex series of cusps and notches. Bow has central rib. Drainage coll. SD287; 1999R.16.1 Fig 00 See Cowgill et al. 1987, 108 no. 334 and ig. 72 for a late fourteenth-century example with similar multiple notches from London. 73 Shears, L. 130mm. Narrow, slightly tapering blades have angled tips, L. 72mm. W. (max) 9mm. One blade has a partly obliterated cutler’s mark, perhaps a letter T. Single cusp. The arms are decorated with a series of notches along the edges. Bow has central rib. Drainage coll. SD293; 2007R.285 Fig 00 Compare Cowgill et al. 1987, 112 no. 359 Objects of Iron and ig. 73, which comes from an early to mid ifteenth-century context in London. 74 Shears, L. 96mm. Blades have slightly curved backs and pointed tips, L. 47mm. W. (max) 11mm. Cutler’s mark: X within a circle on one blade. One Vshaped notch. Drainage coll. SD291; 2007R.286 Fig 00 75 Shears, incomplete, one arm, broken at the bow, L. (surviving) 132mm. Blade has a very slight curve at the back tapering to a sharp point, L. 74mm. W. (max) 10mm. Cutler’s mark: X. Single cusp. Drainage coll. SD297; 1999R.16.3 Fig 00 76 Shears, L.106mm. Blades, slender, straightbacked, almost parallel-sided, with angled tips, L. 62mm. W. 7-8mm. Slight ridge to bow. Drainage coll. SD300; 1999R.16.6 Fig 00 There is a similar but longer example from Avon Approach, Salisbury (1957.110.1). 77 Shears, L. 130mm. Blades, straight-backed, slightly tapering to angled tips, L. 71mm. W. (max) 9mm. Single moulded cusp. There is duck-beak moulding at the junction of the bow with the arm. Drainage coll. SD288; 2007R.281 Fig 00 A small pair of shears from the Museum of London reserve collection has faint mouldings below the bow and only very faint single cusps (Cowgill et al. 1987, 112 no. 366 and ig. 74). 78 Shears, L. 100mm. Blades, straight-backed with angled tips, L. 53mm. W. (max) 11mm. Single cusp. Drainage coll. SD289; 2007R.283 Cover Scissors Compared to shears, scissors are much rarer in the medieval period (Øye 1988, 107-9; Ottaway and Rogers 2002, 2741). 79 Scissors, tips missing, L. (surviving) 128mm. Blades, L. 72mm. Ends of the arms, squaresectioned, are thinned and bent outwards to form looped handles. From Gomeldon, area of building 1. Possibly 16th century. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1964-5, 20 and pl. II; Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 23. 1964.78 153 80 Scissors, L. 152mm. Blade L. 88mm. Cutler’s mark below rivet on both blades. Round looped handles with square-shaped section, and roundsectioned arms, central to blades. Drainage coll. SD305; 2007R.298 Fig 00 Compare similar scissors from fourteenthcentury contexts in York and London (Ottaway and Rogers 2002, 2740, ig. 1347, 13741; Cowgill et al. 1987, 114 no. 370 and ig. 75). Building ironwork The construction and itting out of medieval buildings required the extensive use of iron. The objects catalogued are almost without exception from the excavations at Old Sarum, Clarendon Palace and Gomeldon. They may be used to illustrate the variable types of ironwork peculiar to different classes of site. Cramps These were used to secure dressed stones within walls, especially where there was an overhang in the structure, and were sometimes encased in lead to hold them fast and to provide protection from corrosion. 81 Cramp. L. 126mm; section rectangular, 11mm x 4mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, no. 29. 1957.47 Fig 00 82 Three cramps encased in lead caulking. L. 240mm, 250mm and 265mm; section c.20mm square. Removed from the second band of decoration on Salisbury Cathedral spire during its restoration in 1991. 1991.20.1-3 Fig 00 Such cramps were used to join blocks of stone within the spire walls both horizontally and vertically (see Tatton-Brown 1996, 61 and pl. 18b). On the basis that the cramps are original they are most probably dateable to the 1320s (see Tatton-Brown 2009, 95-6). Tie bars There are two, both from Salisbury Cathedral spire; each was used in conjunction with a wedge and washers to tie structural ironwork together. See Tatton-Brown 1996, ig. 3 facing 62, stage 10 for the principle of their use. 154 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 83 Tie bar. L. 386mm. D. 22mm. Removed from Salisbury Cathedral spire, originally with 5 nails (Cat 108-9) and a section of oak. Early 14th century, probably 1320s. 1945.130 Fig 00 89 Wall anchor. L. 158mm; section rectangular, 18mm x 9mm, blunt point at one end. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, no. 30. 1957.47 Fig 00 84 Tie bar. Similar to Cat 83. L. 470mm. Recovered from Salisbury Cathedral spire in 1944, together with nail (Cat 107). Early 14th century, probably 1320s. 1952.25 Staples Large, rectangular staples (timber dogs) were used to hold adjacent timbers together. Smaller, usually U-shaped, staples were suitable to hold chains or hasps and to support handles on doors and chests. Wall-hooks These are all-purpose hooks with tapering shanks driven into timber or into masonry joints. 85 Wall-hook with curved hook arising from the end of the shank. L. 65mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, no. 32. 1957.47; 2000R.87.4 Fig 00 86 Wall-hook with tip missing and end of shank bent. L. 56mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, no.31. 2000R.87.3 87 Wall-hook with pronounced stub; curved hook arising before the end of the shank. L. 120mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, no. 35. 1957.47 Fig 00 See also Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, no.33-4 for two other examples from Clarendon Palace, and Goodall 2000, 143 ig. 6.20, 38 for one from Ludgershall Castle. An iron gutter support from Fishergate in York is of essentially similar form but larger and with an oval end plate at the wide end to hold the gutter in place (Ottaway and Rogers 2002, 2831-2 ig. 1409 no. 15028; ig. 1411). 88 Wall-hook, very similar to above. L. 143mm. Found in the east suburb of Old Sarum during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C113 Fig 00 Wall anchor This has a substantial tang, which is driven into a masonry joint to secure a major structural element. 90 Staple of rectangular form. L. 45mm. From Clarendon Palace 1934, Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, no. 36. 1957.47 Fig 00 There are two other staples from Clarendon Palace (Goodall 1988, 211 and ig. 75, nos. 37-8). 91 Staple of U-shape form. L. 64mm. From Gomeldon, building 7 complex. Musty and Algar 1986, ig. 14, no. 11. 1967.148.5.13.1 Fig 00 There are three other staples from Gomeldon. Nails Nails from Old Sarum: 92 Flaring square-headed nail. L. 114mm. Head 20mm x 17mm. Found in the east suburb of Old Sarum during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C118 Fig 00 93 Round-headed nail. L. of shank 74mm. Head D. 33mm. From the east suburb of Old Sarum. 1937.74; OS.C102 94 T-headed nail. L. of shank 77mm. Head 19mm x 8mm. Found in the east suburb of Old Sarum during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C119 Fig 00 95 Headless nail of rectangular section, L. 40mm. From Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 1920-1.30; OS.C146 Fig 00 There are also ive other similar nails, ranging in length from 30mm to 50mm. Objects of Iron 96 Cofin nails, many with traces of timber remaining. From Old Sarum, east suburb excavations, grave 2. Stone and Charlton 1935, 183. 2002R.4 155 from the deserted medieval village: Nails from Clarendon Palace (1957.47): 104 Rectangular-headed nails. Shank lengths 36mm - 72mm. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 14 (types 1-3). 97 Square-headed nail with rectangular shank. L. of shank 68mm. Head 15mm x 15mm. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 39. Fig 00 105 Square-headed nails. Shank lengths 28mm - 72mm. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 14 (types 4-7). 98 Square-headed nail with square tapering shank. L. of shank 125mm. Head 22mm x 22mm, lat. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 40. Fig 00 106 Round-head nails. Shank lengths 36mm - 40mm. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 14 (types 8-10). Other nails: 99 Slightly-domed circular-headed nail with square tapering shank. L. of shank c.65mm, clenched at 40mm. D. of head c.25mm. A larger-headed example than Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 41. Fig 00 100 Flaring rectangular-headed nail with tapering rectangular shank. L. of shank 104mm. Head 20mm x 12mm. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 42. Fig 00 See also Cat 243 for an example used through a binding strip. 101 Faceted rectangular-headed nail with rectangular tapering shank. L. of shank 130mm. Head 22mm x 22mm with 4 facets. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 44. Fig 00 102 Flat-topped diamond-shaped headed nail with square tapering shank. L. of shank 100mm. Head 17mm x 17mm. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 45. Fig 00 103 Raised faceted circular-headed nail with tapering square shank. L. of shank 143mm. D. of head c.35mm. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 46. Fig 00 Nails from Gomeldon (1967.148): Apart from horseshoe nails (see Cat 286-7 below), three types of nail, all with rectangular or square cross-section shanks, were recovered 107 Nail with multi-faceted, round head (D. 35mm), shank rectangular and tapering. L. (overall) 240mm. Removed from Salisbury Cathedral spire in 1944. Early 14th century, probably 1320s. 1952.25 Fig 00 See also Cat 84. 108 Four nails with multi-faceted, round heads (D. 25-30mm), shanks rectangular and tapering. L. (overall) 150-230mm. Removed from Salisbury Cathedral spire. Early 14th century, probably 1320s. 1945.130 109 Nail with multi-faceted, rectangular head (40mm x 30mm), shank rectangular and tapering from 20mm x 13mm. L. (overall) 310mm, clenched at 265mm. Removed from Salisbury Cathedral spire. Early 14th century, probably 1320s.1945.130 Fig 00 110 Three nails. T-headed, with rectangular shank. L. of shank 55-58mm, one clenched at 42mm. Head c.13mm x 28mm. Detached from a chest of probably late 15th-century date used by Salisbury Corporation. 1974.63 Fig 00 See Cat 11, page 00 and ig. 00, for the chest. Studs 111 Rectangular-headed stud with curved top surface and rectangular shank. L. of shank 54mm. 156 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 Head 54mm x 51mm. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 47. 1957.47 Fig 00 There is another from Clarendon Palace with a shorter shank, and others, not deinitely medieval: two from the Drainage coll. (2000R.45.2-3) and six from King John’s House, Tollard Royal (TR3-7 and TR166). Pitt Rivers described the latter as ‘a large door nail’ (Pitt Rivers 1890, 19 and pl. 22, 14). However, the group was described in his museum display as ‘strike nails for cart-wheels’. Essentially substantial nails, these studs could have served both a structural and a decorative purpose. Door and window ittings The majority of the door and window furniture included here comes from Clarendon Palace. There is also a hinge plate tip from Gomeldon and a pivot from Old Sarum east suburb; their medieval date is thus reasonably assured, although the shapes and forms of these items were mainly determined by their function and would thus not have changed signiicantly in later periods. The lead caulking on a wall loop and a hinge pivot from Clarendon Palace shows they were itted in stone. Hinges 112 Shutter hinge. L. 117mm. From Gomeldon, building 3. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 32. 1967.148.5.21 113 Strap hinge. L. 213mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 55. 1957.47 Fig 00 114 Strap hinge with leur-de-lys shaped terminal, strap broken. L. 139mm. W. 130mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 57. 1957.47 Fig 00 115 Hinge terminal. Part of a ?trefoil. L. 63mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 58. 1957.47 Fig 00 116 Pointed tip from end of hinge plate, three nail-holes surviving in L. 94mm. From Gomeldon, yard area by building 6. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 33. 1967.148.5.5 Wall loops 117 Wall loop in lead caulking. L. 65mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 51. 2000R.60 Fig 00 This may be part of a harr-hung door, which pivoted on spindles. Pivots 118 Hinge pivot in lead caulking. L. 111mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 54. 1957.47 Fig 00 119 Hinge pivot with tapering spike. L. 130mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 53. 1957.47 Fig 00 For another, similar, one see Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 52. 120 Hinge pivot with lat tapering spike. L. 76mm. Found associated with Greensand footings in 1957 during a watching brief in the east suburb of Old Sarum. 12th century. Musty 1959, 182 and 191, ig. 6. 1958.38 Fig 00 The ind spot is identiied as part of the ‘site of St John’s Hospital’ on Ordnance Survey maps but the evidence for this is uncertain. There is a similar example (1964.70) from Gomeldon, building 2 (Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 31). Bolts 121 Hand-operated sliding bolt. L. 206mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 79, no. 81. 1957.47 Fig 00 122 Bolt mount, U-shaped. L. 82mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 79, no. 82. 1957.47 Fig 00 Objects of Iron Latch rest 123 Latch rest. L. 96mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 65. 1957.47 Fig 00 Roves Washers, frequently lozenge-shaped, used in conjunction with clench bolts for doors, window shutters and well covers, held together and strengthened with rear ledges. Nails with tips clenched over roves to prevent pulling out. 124 Rove. Lozenge-shaped, with two bevelled edges. L. 71mm. W. 43mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 2011, 188 no. H246 and ig. 9.11.1957.47 Fig 00 For this and two others see Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 76, no. 48-50. 157 Locks and Keys Security equipment (locks and particularly keys) represents one of the largest groups of objects in the Museum, there being almost 500 keys in the Drainage Collection alone. This catalogue is by necessity selective in the number listed and focuses on keys recovered from excavations and examples of known medieval type. The majority, however, are unfortunately without dateable context, being either from the Salisbury drainage, for which stratigraphic evidence was not recorded, or being casual inds. The Museum’s Catalogue of 1864 drew particular attention to the quantity and interest of the keys (Stevens 1864, 61). There are many that may be medieval or are post-medieval but medieval in style. These are not catalogued in detail here but an indication is given of their number. They would doubtless repay future specialist study and analysis. Window bars 125 Window bar with lattened ends. L. 402mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 61. 1957.47 Fig 00 This is probably from a narrow, possibly lancet, window. Its ends suggest that it was likely to have been set in masonry. Such bars survive in situ, as for example in a window at Stokesay Castle, Shropshire (Nicholas Grifiths pers. comm.). 126 Incomplete window bar with lattened offset terminal. L. 208mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 64. 2000R.82 Fig 00 This was probably nailed to a timber window-frame through ‘perforated’ offset terminals. For two other similar ones (2000R.81 and 1957.47) see Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 62-3. 127 Fragment of a window bar in lead caulking. L. 93mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 60. 1957.47 Fig 00 This is possibly from a grille of interlocking horizontal and vertical bars. Barrel padlocks Goodall 1990b, 1001-3 defines four postConquest types of barrel padlocks: type A has attached tubes, B has ins and attached tubes, C has L-shaped arms and D has shackles. The majority of the padlock bodies are of type B, which is the most common type. 128 Padlock body with external ribs, with in broken away. D. 23mm. L. 45mm. T-shaped slot in underside for a padlock key of type C. From Old Sarum, east suburb, found during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C122a Fig 00 This is the only example where the key is inserted via a slot in the side rather than through the end. For a complete example from a late thirteenth- to early fourteenth-century context, Staple Gardens, Winchester, see Cunliffe 1964, 189, ig. 66, no. 8 & pl. 7, and for a reconstruction of a similar lock in use see Ottaway 2002, 2868-9 ig. 1444. 129 Padlock. Complete, with decoration of twisted copper-alloy wire and possible traces of plating. D. 39mm. L. 159mm (overall). Type B. 13th-14th century. From Fitzgerald’s Farm, West Harnham. 158 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 Sal. Mus. Rep. 1963-4, 20 and pl. 1b. 1963.155 Fig 00 & cover From the x-radiograph the internal mechanism is comparable to one from Coppergate, York (Ottaway and Rogers 2002, 2870-1 and ig. 1447-8 no.12572). For a similar barrel padlock case with longitudinal rods see Goodall 1990b, 1009 and ig. 311 no. 3649). 130 Padlock body, decorated with twisted copperalloy wire. Lateral pin sheath, only one spring survives, now detached. Type D. D. 34mm. L. 78mm. From Old Sarum excavations 1909-15, probably from the Courtyard House, garderobe pit 1. O.S. Diary 1910, 20. Proc. Soc. Ants. 23 (1909-11), 514. 1920-1.30; OS.C125 Fig 00 131 Padlock body, similar to Cat 130 but with the springs still inside. Type B. D. c.36mm. L. (surviving) 60mm. From Old Sarum excavations 1909-15, probably from the Courtyard House, garderobe pit 1. O.S. Diary 1910, 20. Proc. Soc. Ants. 23 (1909-11), 514. 1920-1.30; OS.C124 Fig 00 132 Padlock U bolt. L. 64mm. From Clarendon Palace.Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 68. 1957.47 Fig 00 135 Padlock spring mechanism. D. 32mm. L. 82mm. 4 springs. Drainage coll. SD514; 2007R.150 Although damaged this appears to be from a padlock of either type A or B. There are ive other spring mechanisms, all from padlocks of type D: two from the east suburb of Old Sarum (OS.C122-3; 1932.8), one from Salisbury (SD 513; 1999R.498), one from Teffont (iiE 22; 1999R.665) and a very small example from Amesbury (1972.58). Padlock keys The mechanism within a barrel padlock comprises essentially a bar with leaf springs which need to be compressed by a key for the lock to open. In use the key is inserted into the lock with a sliding action and it is thus sometimes known as a ‘slide’ key. These are typed by the relationship of the bit, which compresses the spring-strips, to the stem of the key. Type A (bit set laterally to stem) 136 Key. L. 140mm. Stem with looped terminal. ?13th century. Found in the east suburb of Old Sarum during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C126 Fig 00 An example from Coppergate, York is dated twelfth/thirteenth century (see Ottaway 2002, 2870-1 igs. 1447-8 no. 12578 and p. 3058). For a similar key from Winchester see Goodall 1990, 1021, ig. 322 no.3695. 133 Padlock bolt (AE). L. 33mm. From Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 1920-1.30.35; OS.C47 Fig 00 137 Key. L. 179mm. Stem hooked at end. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 67. 1957.47 Fig 00 This is from a barrel padlock of type C. For one from St. Helens, Isles of Scilly see Dunning 1964, 66 and ig. 7 no. 3 and for an iron example of this type from Winchester see Goodall 1990, 1011 and ig. 313 no. 3667. 134 Padlock spring mechanism. D. 34mm. L. 82mm. 4 springs. From Gomeldon, building 1. Late 13th century. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 34. 1964.77 Fig 00 This type of mechanism is from a padlock with shackle (type D). For a similar key from Winchester see Goodall 1990b, 1021, ig. 322 no. 3704-5. 138 Key. L. 180mm. Stem with looped terminal. From Gomeldon, building 6A. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 13, no. 35. 1967.148.18 Type B (bit set centrally to stem) 139 Key. L. 107mm. Stem terminates in a ring. ?13th century. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 66. 1957.47 Fig 00 For a similar key from Winchester see Objects of Iron Goodall 1990b, 1022 and ig. 323 no. 3724. Winchester type B. Type C (bit and stem in line) These keys, with bits in the same plane as the stem and bow, would have been used with padlocks having a slot running along the length of the barrel enabling the key to be drawn along and over the spring-strips. 140 Key. L. 118mm. Circular bow, decorated stem and bit with central cleft separating symmetrical wards. Drainage coll. iiE242; 1999R.704 Fig 00 For comparable examples from Winchester see Goodall 1990b, 1024 ig. 324. Padlock keys with shield- or heater-shaped bits occur commonly in iron but also in copper alloy and are often referred to as ‘latch keys’. Simpler, more crudely made examples with long stems have been found, for example at Billingsgate and Swan Lane in London, in contexts dating from the later twelfth to the mid-fourteenth centuries (Egan 1998, 100-102, ig. 75.267-8). Those with short stems are generally better made and would appear to be a later form. They have been found in late medieval or sixteenthcentury contexts in Bedford (Baker et al. 1979, 281, ig. 176.1425) and Waltham Abbey, Essex (Goodall 1978, 157, ig. 21.2), and two were found in the Baynard House excavations in London in contexts dated to the second half of the fourteenth century (Egan, op. cit. 102-3, ig. 75.269-70). The following are keys of this later form and demonstrate marked variation. 141 Padlock key. L. 72mm. Circular bow; square stem; round-ended, rectangular bit with trefoil aperture. Drainage coll. Penny 1911, pl. 6 no. 30. iiE249; 1999R.700 Fig 00 Compare Egan 1998, 102, fig. 75 no. 270. 142 Padlock key (AE). L. 62mm. Circular bow, pierced shield-shaped bit and small projecting lugs on the bow. 14th century. Drainage coll. Penny 1911, 159 14, pl. 6 no. 33. iiE243; 2007R.138 The bow appears to have been miscast, suggesting that this key may have been made locally. 143 Padlock key (AE). L. 85mm. Thistle-shaped bow and a short stem. Bit is rectangular or trapezoidal rather than shield-shaped and is more elaborate than the example above, ending in a long spike. From Salisbury. Shortt 1960, ig. 59, no. 7. iiE248a 144 Padlock key (AE). L. 70mm. Round bow and pierced shield-shaped bit. There is incised decoration on the stem. Drainage coll. iiE245; 2007R.139 145 Padlock key (AE). L. 87mm. Thistle-shaped bow, pierced shield-shaped bit and a long stem. Probably from Salisbury. Penny 1911, 14, pl. 6 no. 34; Shortt 1960, ig.59, no. 8. iiE248; 2007R.147 The more elaborate form and ine manufacture of this long-stemmed key suggests that it is one of the later examples. 146 Padlock key. L. 86mm. Round bow, shieldshaped bit. ?14th century. From a house near the Old Mill, West Harnham. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1964-5, 20 and pl. II. 1965.20 There are also nine other examples from the Drainage Collection of padlock keys of this type (1999R.187, 1999R.489.1-2 and 2007R.140-5). Mounted locks Such locks were in common use, mounted on doors, chests, cupboards and the like but few have survived: keys for them, however, are very numerous. 147 Shield-shaped chest lock. H. 93mm. W. 90mm. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 1920-1.30.15; OS.C128 Fig 00 An example with an almost identical mechanism, as indicated from a radiograph, comes from Winchester where it is dated to the late fourteenth-?ifteenth century (see Goodall 1990b, 1017 and ig. 321. no. 3691). 160 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 148 Shield-shaped chest lock, incomplete. Similar to above. H. 115mm. W. 93mm. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 1920-1.30.14; OS.C127 Draw bolts from rotary locks 149 Draw bolt. L. 222mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 79, no. 76. 2000R.67 Fig 00 150 Draw bolt. L. 255mm. with slightly turned-up end. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 79, no. 78. 1957.47 151 Draw bolt. L. 230mm. From Clarendon Palace, most probably from excavations carried out by Sir Thomas Phillips in 1821. Phillips 1833, 151; Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 79, no. 77. 1932.115 Fig 00 152 Incomplete lock bolt. L. (surviving) 146mm. From Clarendon Palace. 1957.47.17 For this and another, shorter, fragment (1957.47.34) see Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 79, no. 79-80. Keys for rotary locks The classiication of rotary keys adopted here follows that used by Ian Goodall at Winchester, where nine types were identiied (Goodall 1990b, 1024-5). We acknowledge the work by Ian Goodall in the initial sorting of the keys many years before the preparation of this catalogue, which helped us greatly in applying his classiication. Type 1 Keys of this type have L-section bit and projecting stem tip, and most appear to have a pearshaped bow. 153 Key with an incomplete pear-shaped bow. Surviving L. (surviving) 43mm. From King John’s House, Tollard Royal. Pitt Rivers 1890, pl. XXII, no. 2; Ward Perkins 1940, 134 and 145, ig. 43, no. 1. 1975.12; TR 154 Fig 00 Probably twelfth century. Compare Goodall 1990b, 1024-5, ig. 235. Type 2 This uncommon type has an L-section bit and hollow stem tip. 154 Key (AE). L. 73mm. Oval bow in the form of a twisted wreath surrounding a bird, possibly a falcon or an eagle. At the top of the bow is a perforated zoomorphic knop; there is another zoomorphic knop at the junction of the stem and the bow. The stem and simple bit are punched all over with ring-and-dot motifs. From Wilton. 11th-12th century. Anon 1871, 248 and ig.; Shortt 1960, ig. 59, no. 1. iiE201 Fig 00 See Goodall 1990b, 1025 and ig. 326, no. 3739 for a less-complete type 2 key with moulded and in-illed oval bow end loop from Winchester, dated eleventh-?mid twelfth century. Type 3 These keys are forged by rolling from a single sheet of metal to produce a hollow stem, which does not project beyond the end of the bit. Many exhibit a seam line along the stem and often the bit is offset to the stem. A few of the keys have ring bows but the majority have D- or kidneyshaped bows, some of which are hammered lat. Wards are simple with chisel-cut clefts, sometimes rounded. Some of the keys have unusual angular clefts, which may be peculiar to Salisbury. They range in length from 40mm to 146mm, with a single, heavy example (Cat 156), 188mm. There are some sixty keys of this type. The majority are from the Drainage Collection, some of which were described as being ‘found in a layer of bluish clay which occurred at the bottom of the excavations – the lowest point at which relics were discovered – consequently they may be assumed to be the earliest in date’ (Penny 1911, 12) and therefore thirteenth century, Salisbury having been founded in 1220. Ward Perkins pointed out, referring to type 3 (his type ll) Salisbury keys with crudely chiselled bits: ‘Rough workmanship may be as much due to Objects of Iron 160 161 159 162 163 165 164 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 Plate 13. Type 3 keys: Cat 159-174 (1:2) 161 162 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 rusticity as early date’ (Ward Perkins 1940, 136). They could therefore date from late eleventh to the thirteenth century, possibly later. Two keys of this type (Cat 155-6) were found during supericial excavations at Old Sarum cathedral in 1834. The general context suggests a date before the abandonment of the cathedral in the thirteenth century. 155 Key. L. 120mm. D. (stem) 10mm. Flattened D-shaped bow. From Old Sarum cathedral, ‘near the site of the high altar’ (Sal. Mus. Cat. 1870, 28). OS.C39; 2000R.44 Fig 00 bit and bow: 160-74 Fifteen keys of type 3 from the Drainage coll. SD56, 1999R.272; SD32, 1999R.304; SD17, 1999R.290; iiE295, 1999R.204; iiE220, 2007R.119; SD717, 2007R.124; SD39, 1999R.311; iiE210, 1999R.698.2; SD24, 1999R.296; iiE209, 1999R.173; iiE208, 1999R.698.1; SD34, 1999R.306; SD719, 2007R.120; iiE207, 2007R.121; SD4, 1999R.256 Pl 13 Type 4 These have a hollow stem, separately applied bit and can be dificult to differentiate from type 3. 156 Key. L. 188mm. D. (stem) 20mm. Kidneyshaped bow. From Old Sarum cathedral, ‘near the site of the west door’ (Sal. Mus. Cat. 1870, 28). Gentleman’s Magazine 1835 (ii), 640; Benson and Hatcher 1843, 23-4. OS.C38; 2000R.5 Fig 00 175 Incomplete key with hollow stem, surviving L. (surviving) 42mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 69. 1957.47.42 This key appears in a contemporary coloured drawing by Chevalier J. O. C. Grant (2011.12; Sal. Mus. Rep. 2010-11, 11 and pl.). Type 5 157 Casket key. L. 51mm. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 14th century. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 24, 60. O.S. Diary 1910, 20. OS.C17 Fig 00 176 Casket key. L. 80mm. Lozenge bow. Drainage coll. 14th century. iiE218; 2007R.105 Fig 00 Mostly likely a key of type 3 but corrosion prevents certainty. 177 Key. L. 52mm. Stem 7mm square. Flat-topped bow around a trilobe. From a bunch of keys found in a shed in Culver Street, Salisbury. 1951.28 Fig 00 158 Key. L. 85mm. Stem, moulded at shoulder, with traces of diagonal grooving and non-ferrous plating. Oval bow. Channelled bit. From Crane Bridge, River Avon, Salisbury. 14th century. 1970.125 Fig 00 Similar, though more elaborate, grooving occurs on several keys from Winchester (see Goodall 1990b, 1028-31, nos. 3790 and 3823-4). 159 Key. L. 130mm. D. (stem) 12mm with three faint grooves above and below the bit. Seam visible along length of stem. Welded D-shaped bow. Bit has chisel-cut angular clefts. Drainage coll. Penny 1911, 11, pl. 1, no. 2. iiE204; 1999R.170 Pl 13 Fifteen keys from the Drainage collection are illustrated photographically (plate 00) to show a typical range in size and designs of These have a stem, which is solid at the head and then split. Type 6 These have a solid stem, the end of which is in line with the bit. For convenience they have been divided into two groups (a. and b.). a. This group comprises over ifty small keys, of which the majority are from the Drainage Collection and which are best described as chest or coffer keys. They range in length from 40mm to just over 60mm, most being 45-50mm. The majority have simple bows, round and lat with circular perforation; a few have oval, lozenge, kidney-shaped or thistle-shaped bows. Not only is it the small size but also the form of the bit that deine this group. There are usually two offset clefts on the two ends and a series of small clefts on the side. Objects of Iron 163 178 Casket key. L. 45mm. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 13th century. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 24, 60. O.S. Diary 1910, 20. OS.C16 Eleven keys, from the Drainage collection, are illustrated photographically (plate 00) to show a range of designs of bow and bit within this group: 179 Casket key. L. 51mm. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. 14th century. Proc. Soc. Antiq. 24, 60. O.S. Diary 1910, 20. OS.C18 Fig 00 182-92 Eleven keys of type 6a from the Drainage coll. iiE213, 1999R.174; iiE215, 1999R.176; iiE216, 1999R.177; iiE226, 1999R.181; iiE228, 1999R.182; iiE293, 2007R.67; iiE297, 2007R.67 1999R.205; SD88, 1999R.365.1; SD95, 1999R.365.8; SD96, 1999R.365.9; SD107, 1999R.368. Pl 14 180 Chest key. L. 51mm. Flat, round bow with circular perforation. Drainage coll. iiE212; 2007R.64 Fig 00 181 Chest key. L. 67mm. Bow with three-lobed piercing surmounted by a crown. Rectangular bit, 18mm x 26mm, with 6 shallow clefts on the side and incised line on both faces. Bow with three-lobed piercing surmounted by a crown. From East Knoyle Church. 14th-15th century. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1954-5, 12 and front cover; Shortt 1960, pl. 59, no. 3. 1955.51 Fig 00 & cover 182 183 184 185 186 187 In addition there are four keys, which are different in having channelled bits, the channelling in line with the stem. They include: 193 Casket key. L. 35mm. From the site of the Franciscan Friary, St Ann Street, Salisbury. 14th century. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1969-70, 19. 1969.81.6 Fig 00 194 Key. L. 67mm. Oval bow. From Crane Bridge, River Avon, Salisbury. 15th century. 1970.126 b. This group of 47 keys, the majority from the Drainage Collection, comprises larger keys, mostly ranging from 70mm to 100mm in length. Most have oval or D-shaped bows. Many of the bits are larger versions of those seen in casket keys; almost without exception the wards are asymmetrical. Their larger size indicates they were used to secure larger structures such as doors or chests. 195 Key. L. 96mm. Rounded-rectangular stem. Dshaped bow. From Idmiston Manor, Idmiston. ?15th century. 1982.19 Fig 00 189 188 196 Key. L. 96mm. Circular stem D. 5mm. Kidneyshaped bow. Complicated bit. Drainage coll. iiE305; 2007R.127 Pl 00 190 191 197 Key. L. 92mm. Sub-circular stem with band of decoration on raised band beneath bow. Flat-topped bow. Drainage coll. iiE279; 2007R.108 Pl 00 192 Plate 14. Type 6a keys: Cat 182-192 (1:2) 198 Key. L. 78mm. Incomplete, broken bit. From Sunnyhill Road, Salisbury. 1958.55 164 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 many narrow clefts in the side. A few have very intricately-cut wards, as Cat 205 below. Cat 206 is apparently an uninished example. 196 197 199 200 205 Key. L. 76mm. Bit is rectangular 31mm x 20mm with two angular perforations and 9 deepcut clefts on the side. Bow is lozenge-shaped with 4 circular perforations. Drainage coll. Penny 1911, pl. 3, no. 12. iiE229; 2007R.102 Fig 00 206 Key. L. 71mm. Stem bent. Flat-topped bow around a two-lobed perforation. Uninished rectangular bit, 21mm x 29mm, uncut except for two rectangular perforations. Drainage coll. iiE278; 2007R.80 Fig 00 Type 7 201 202 203 These have a solid stem projecting beyond the end of the bit. The ward cuts in the bit are either asymmetrical or arranged symmetrically at both ends of an otherwise solid bit. There are approximately twenty keys of this type, thirteen from the Drainage coll. Many cast, copper-alloy casket keys are of this type. 207 Key (AE). Traces of gilding. L. 45mm. Large collar below annular bow. From Old Sarum 19091915 excavations. OS.C26 Fig 00 204 Plate 15. Type 6b keys: Cat 196-7; 199-204 (1:2) A simple casket key from Exeter, with an annular bow and collar between the end of the stem and the head, was found in a context dated c.1200-50 (Goodall 1984, 345, ig. 193 no. 181). A further six keys of this group, from the Drainage collection, are illustrated photographically (plate 00) to show a typical range of designs of bit and bow: 208 Key (AE). L. 40mm. Collar below pierced annular bow. From Park Lane, Salisbury. 1972.75 Fig 00 199-204 Six keys of type 6b from the Drainage coll. iiE237, 2007R.126; iiE282, 1999R.196; iiE300, 1999R.707; iiE304, 1999R.310; SD83, 1999R.361; SD100, 1999R.366.3 Pl 15 209 Key (AE). L. 43mm. Annular bow, no collar. Drainage coll. iiE202a; 2007R.90 There are a further twelve keys, essentially type 6b but characterised by having at least one angular perforation through the bit and usually 210 Key (AE). L. 41mm. Pierced annular bow. Noticeably lat. From the Chapel of St John, Harnham Bridge, Salisbury. iiE202; 1999R.697 Fig 00 211 Key (AE). L. 40mm. Pierced annular bow, Objects of Iron no collar. From Radnor/Bartlett Road, Salisbury in material originally from the Southampton Road gravel pits. OS.C46; 1935.62 212 Key (AE). L. (surviving) 33mm. with incomplete stem. Pierced annular bow, no collar. From Read’s Close, Teffont. 1948.50 213 Key. L. 163mm. Stem 8mm square. Flattened D-shaped bow. From a Swindon dealer, who described it as having been found by a man who had worked on excavations at Old Sarum. 1946.11; OS.C133 Fig 00 Two keys of this type, from the Drainage Collection, are illustrated photographically (plate 00) to show different designs of bit and bow: 214-5 Two keys of type 7 from the Drainage coll. iiE239, 1999R.701; iiE240, 1999R.186. Pl 16 214 165 large keys for door locks makes them one of the most common in the medieval period. The type occurs from the twelfth century well into the post-medieval period and Goodall 1990b, 1032-3 nos. 3826-37 describes a number of examples from Winchester ranging in date from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. There are ten keys from Old Sarum and Clarendon Palace, 66 in the Drainage Collection and a further nine are recorded as casual inds from other locations. 216 Key. L. 152mm with lat, D-shaped bow. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15, Courtyard House. 13th century or later. O.S. Diary 1910, 11 or 1911, 24. 1945.312; OS.C132 Fig 00 217 Key. L. 165mm. Stem, stopped over bit, with knobbed tip. D-shaped bow. From Old Sarum, east suburb, during road construction, 1931-2. OS.C130; 2000R.40 There is another (OS.C131; 2000R.41) from the same source. Both are undated but are included because they are of medieval form and provenance. There are six keys of this type from Clarendon Palace (Cat 218-23). From their context they should all be of medieval date. 215 Plate 16. Type 7 keys: Cat 214-5 (1:2) Type 8 Types 7 and 8 are clearly related forms of key, both having a solid stem projecting beyond the end of the bit. Type 8 differs in having a symmetrically-shaped bit, which incorporates one or more ward cuts running its full depth. This type of bit enabled the key to be used to open a door from either side, a fact which ensured its popularity continued into the post-medieval period. Stems may be decorated and are often stopped over the bit. Most have D-shaped bows. The majority range in length from 110-150mm, with few outside this range, and the need for 218 Key. L. 61mm with round stem and oval bow. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 70. 1957.47 219 Key. L. 68mm with hexagonal stem and Dshaped bow. From Clarendon Palace, found in 1844 when Sir Frederick Bathurst restored the east wall of the Great Hall and afixed an inscribed commemorative plaque. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 71. iiE367; 1932.114 Fig 00 220 Key. L. 77mm with a decorated stem of diamond-shaped cross-section and D-shaped bow. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 78, no. 73. 1957.47.39 221-3 Three keys. L. 68mm, 73mm and 80mm. with rectangular or square cross-section stems and Dshaped bows. From Clarendon Palace, Goodall 1988, 166 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 218 and ig. 78, nos. 75, 72 and 74. 1957.47.40-41; 1950.63 224 Key. L. 130mm. with heart-shaped bow. ‘Found at Old Sarum’. In the Museum since 1883. Possibly 15th or 16th century. Penny 1911, 13 and pl. V no. 25. OS.C44; 2000R.6 225 Eight keys of this type, from the Drainage Collection, are illustrated photographically (plate 17) to show a typical range of designs of bit and bow: 226 225-32 Eight keys of type 8 from the Drainage coll. iiE219, 2007R.104; iiE241, 1999R.702; iiE258, 1999R.705; iiE259, 1999R.189; iiE264, 1999R.192; iiE266, 1999R.699; iiE277a, 1999R.195; iiE303a, 1999R.209 Pl. 17 227 A further nine casual inds of this type of key within Salisbury and district are noted here to provide a record of their geographical distribution represented within the collection; further description would be superluous: Castle Street, 1957.57; Endless Street, 1939.27; Macklin Road, 1999R.683; River Avon, Bridge Street, 1962.65; River Avon, Crane Bridge, 1970.122.1 and .2; Cathedral Close, 1957.106; West Harnham, 1966.42; Winterbourne Stoke, 1971.20. 228 229 230 Type 9 Stem is hollow at the tip, solid above; the end of stem and the bit are in line. Iron keys of this type are usually post-medieval and none of those in the Drainage Collection is convincingly medieval in character. Copper-alloy keys of this type, usually cast, occur in medieval contexts and there are several in the collection. A particularly good series, dated 1235-80, was recovered from the Priory and Hospital of St Mary Spital, London, see Egan 1997, ig. 26, S12-20. 231 232 Plate 17. Type 8 keys: Cat 225-32 (1:2) 233 Key (AE). L. 39mm. Round pierced bow. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-1915. OS.C27 Fig 00 Cat 234-6 are of the same form, dated to the Objects of Iron late twelfth to late fourteenth century; see Egan 1998, 111. 234 Two similar keys (AE). L. 40 and 39.5mm. Annular bows, moulded stem heads and channelled bits. Drainage coll. SD712; 2007R.92 and SD713; 2007.93 These compare closely with a key from Winchester, which is described as ifteenth century (Goodall 1990b, 1035, no. 3852), and one from Billingsgate, London (Egan 1998, 111 and ig. 86 no. 298). 235 Key (AE). L. 36.5mm. Annular bow and collar. Simple bit. Noticeably lat. Drainage coll. iiE238; 2007R.91 236 Key (AE). L. 36mm. Annular bow. Simple bit. Noticeably lat. Drainage coll. iiE221; 1999R.178 Escutcheon plate 237 Part of a triangular escutcheon plate. 82mm x 62mm. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. ?15th century. 1920-1.30; OS.C129 Fig 00 There is a larger example from Billingsgate, London, which is dated c.1350-c.1400 (Egan 1998, 120 and ig. 92 no.334). Shackles 238 Shackles. Two ankle cuffs (max. internal D. 98mm) joined together by a short chain of three links, two elongated, and a smaller central ring, which would have allowed movement of only 140mm. between legs. Each cuff is made up of two C-shaped pieces of iron rod (D. 8-9mm) expanded, lattened and riveted at their ends. Found around the ankles of a (presumed) male interred north east of the Choir in the Cathedral at Old Sarum. Skeleton showed signs of decapitation. O.S. Diary 1913, 4; Proc. Soc. Ants. xxvi (1914),116. OS.C55 Fig 00 and cover Hawley (O.S. Diary, 1913, 4) questioned whether the human remains might have been those of the king’s cousin, William d’Eu, who died in 1096. For similar riveted shackles in 167 the Musée Municipal, Louviers see Halbout et al. 1987, 111, no. 207, for which no dating is given. Several complete barrel padlocks with shackles come from Winchester; three were found at Cathedral Green from a late tenthto eleventh-century context, one from Brook Street and one from Wolvesley Palace, loosely dated from the early eleventh to early ifteenth century (Goodall 1990b, 1011-4 and ig. 314-5 nos.3671-5). See also Thompson 1986 for iron shackles, probably associated with a barrel padlock, from the River Tyne at Corbridge. The Salisbury shackles are important evidence for the use of shackles on humans; irstly, because they were found in situ, and, secondly, because they represent a particularly severe form of restraint that could not be taken off as quickly and easily as the more common types of shackles that are secured with the help of chains and/or padlocks. The latter have often been interpreted as animal hobbles only, a distinction which according to Henning (1992, 405-6) and Gustafsson (2009) is not necessary and would not have been made by their original users as they would have worked perfectly on both men and livestock. Household ittings Furniture The drop handle and strip bindings listed here are all likely to come from chests, attesting to the importance of these items of furniture as containers for storage, an importance kept in rural households well into the twentieth century. 239 Binding strip. L. 173mm. Shaped fragment probably from a casket. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 84. 2000R.58 Fig 00 For two other fragments (1957.47) see Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 86-7. 240 Binding strip with end widened, lattened and perforated. L. 77mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 85. 2000R.84 Fig 00 168 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 241 Corner binding. L. 52mm; 58mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 88. 2000R.64 Fig 00 There is another much narrower strip (2000R.61): see Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 89. 242 Fragment of binding. L. 115mm. W. 22mm. Th. 2mm. Pierced by a lat-headed, rectangular nail. L. of shank 94mm. Head 16mm x 3mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 90. 2000R.63 Fig 00 248 Single cup candle holder with spirally twisted stem. Cup D. 15mm. H. 92mm. Drainage coll. SD342; 1999R.28.2 Fig 00 249 Two cup candle holder with a pricket. Downward spike or bracket broken off. Cups D. c.15mm. H. 70mm. Drainage coll. SD344; 1999R.28.4 Fig 00 For a similar fourteenth-century example from Swan Lane, London see Egan 1998, 144 no. 416. Hooks 243 Strap fragment with single rivet, probably from a chest. L. 92mm. W. 35mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 216 and ig. 77, no. 59. 2000R.83 244 Rectangular drop handle perhaps from a chest. L. 192mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 92. 1957.47 Fig 00 For another example see Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 80, no. 91. Lighting 245 Wax-pan from candlestick. Tinned surface, concentric engraved lines. D. 130mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 93. 2000R.67 Fig 00 For a complete thirteenth-century candlestick with wax-pan from Winchester see Goodall 1990c, 981-3, ig. 306 no. 3530. 250 Flesh hook with triple prongs and a bent whittle tang. From the Old Sarum excavations 1909-15. Goodall 2011, 308 no. J22 and ig. 11.4. 1920-1.30; OS.C144 Fig 00 For a three-pronged lesh-hook from Winchester see Goodall 1990d, 820 and ig. 242, no. 2548. A simpler, two-pronged, hook comes from Fishergate, York. The type originates in the late Anglo-Saxon period and continues in use into the thirteenth century (Rogers 1993, 1330–1 ig. 643). 251 Hook with nailed langed arm. L. 175mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 94. 1957.47 Fig 00 Designed to be attached to a pole, this could have been used as a boat, ire or general purpose draghook. Chain ittings 246 Single cup candle holder. Cup is poorly preserved, D. 22mm and H. 20mm. Stub of angled stem surviving. From excavations on the site of the Franciscan Friary, St Ann Street, Salisbury. Sal. Mus. Rep. 1969-70, 19. 1969.81 252 Three links, 2 parallel-sided (L. 58mm. W. 13mm), separated by a circular one (D. 31mm). From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 95. 1957.47 Fig 00 Candle holders, as below, cannot be closely dated as the form is a basic one, which spans the medieval and post-medieval periods. 253 Figure-of-eight link. L. 56mm. W. 14mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 96. 2009R.43 Fig 00 247 Single cup candle holder with spike at right angle. Cup D. 20mm. Drainage coll. SD341; 1999R.28.1 Fig 00 254 Chain with swivel ring. Found in the east suburb of Old Sarum during road construction, 1931-2. 1932.8; OS.C110 Fig 00 Objects of Iron 255 Swivel itting. L. 63mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 97. 1957.47 Fig 00 Rings and collars 256 Ring. D. 40mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 98. 1957.47 Fig 00 For another from Clarendon Palace see Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 99. 257 Collar. D. 40mm. W. 10mm. From Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 100. 1957.47 Fig 00 There is another from Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 218 and ig. 81, no. 101. Book chains The value of books painstakingly produced and illuminated by hand before the printing press made multiple-production possible was so great that they were often stored in locked chests. As libraries became established, particularly from the thirteenth century onwards, books were made more accessible by securing them to bookcases and desks by chains, which were attached by rings to rods, themselves secured by lock and key. The chains varied in length, being suficient to allow the books to be taken down to be read. Libraries continued to chain books well beyond the medieval period. The Bodleian Library in Oxford, for example, paid £25 10s (£25.50) in 1660 to chain the books in one bequest alone, though by 1761 it was unchaining 1448 books at a cost of one halfpenny each (Fletcher 1914, 14-5). The chains here may be, but cannot be proven to be, medieval. 258 Chain of 14 forged parallel-sided 60mm-long links (7 and 7 linked by a swivel ring) with a circular ringlet at each end. L. (overall) 905mm. From Salisbury Cathedral Library. Sal. Mus. Cat. 1864, 52 no. 201. 1999R.26 Fig 00 The Museum has another similar chain, of 5 and 7 links (1934.131), L. 880mm, possibly from Salisbury and there is also a fragment of 169 two links (60mm long) with part of a swivel itting at one end in the Drainage Collection (SD361; 1999R.25.1). There are 110 chains of this design and similar in length in Salisbury Cathedral Library where they hang as a reminder of the security they once offered precious medieval books and manuscripts. The library building dates from the mid-ifteenth century and it is interesting to note that when, at that time, a canon gave some books there was written inside two of them the stipulation that they be chained (Cox and Harvey, 1907, 331). 259 Chain of three 70mm-long links and a swivel ring at one end. L. (overall) 225mm. Drainage coll. SD367; 2007R.198 This is different in design from the above but possibly from a book. Horse equipment Horseshoes We are particularly grateful to Ken Smith for his comments on the shoes and help with their dating, which in the case of the casual inds is tentative given the absence of context and the conservative nature of the blacksmith’s craft. All the Petersinger Farm shoes are from his collection and were found on land north of the River Avon at the boundary of the parishes of Laverstock and Ford and that of Clarendon Park. The terminology and typology used here is that adopted by John Clark (see Clark 1995, 81-91), where four basic types of shoe are deined: Type 1 is crude, has a broad, thin (2-3mm) web, usually with three round nail-holes cut in each branch. A wavy edge is created by the countersinking for nail-heads, which are typically T-shaped. Rarely do they have calkins. Type 2 is similar but usually well-made, has a narrower and thicker (>5mm) web, and usually has three nail-holes (round in type 2A, rectangular in 2B) cut in each branch. Deep countersunk slots for, typically iddle-key form, nail-heads result in a wavy edge to the shoe. It normally has calkins in one or both heels. 170 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 Type 3 is a heavier shoe. At over 200g, it is generally about twice as heavy as type 2. It has a broader web with more nail-holes, four in each branch being not uncommon. The nail-holes are rectangular and have narrow rectangular countersunk slots, which generally do not deform the shoe edge. Calkins are less common than on type 2. Type 4 is similar, with a broad web, sometimes tapering towards the heel. The distinguishing feature is the form of the nail-holes and nails. The holes have no separate countersunk slot for the nail-head but are square or, less commonly, rectangular, and taper inwards. Calkins may be present. The dating of horseshoes without secure archaeological context is notoriously dificult. This series is chronological within the period eleventh-ifteenth century but there is considerable overlap between the occurrence of the types and it is essential to be cautious of using type alone as a means of dating. See Clark 1995, 91-7 for a chronological assessment of 360 horseshoes from London. 260 Shoe with hint of wavy edge, one calkin and 6 countersunk round nail-holes, one nail in situ. L. 111mm. W. 97mm. Type 1. From Petersinger Farm. 2010.43.24 Fig 00 261 Wavy edge shoe, with two calkins and two of six T-shaped nails present. L. 104mm. W. 90m. Type 2. From the Pembroke Estate, Wilton. Probably 12th century. 1996R.2084 262 Wavy edge shoe, with two calkins and one of six nails present. L. 105mm. W. (max) 92mm. Type 2. From the River Test at Fullerton, Hampshire. Probably 12th century. 1999R.830 Fig 00 263 Wavy edge shoe with angular inner proile, ‘swept-back’ calkins and 6 countersunk, round/ oval nail-holes. L. 111mm. W. (max) 90mm. Type 2.?Drainage coll. Probably 12th-13th century. 1996R.2085.9 264 Wavy edge shoe with two calkins and 6 countersunk oval nail-holes (one corroded away). L. 107mm. W. 94mm. Type 2B. From Petersinger Farm. Late 12th century. 2010.43.2 Fig 00 For a similar shoe, from a dateable context in London see Clark 1995, 104 and 116, ig. 82 no.125. 265 Arm of a shoe with a calkin and countersunk nail-holes. Type 3. L. 103mm. From Clarendon Palace, 13th century or earlier. Goodall 1988, 222 and ig. 82, no. 111. 1957.47 Fig 00 266 Shoe, much corroded, with one calkin surviving, apparently 6 nail-holes, with one iddle-headed/Tshaped nail in situ. L. 107mm. W. 94mm. Type 3. Dug up in the graveyard of Britford Church in 1930 (Ward 1941, 13). Probably late 12th-13th century. 1996R.2083 This is the only medieval shoe in the collection from south of the River Avon at Britford. To the north of the river, on land to the north and east of the Salisbury sewage works near Petersinger Farm, many shoes have been located (Smith, 1984, 337-9). These are mostly post-medieval but four are medieval (Cat 267-8 and 279-80, ex K. Smith coll.). 267 Shoe with 2 small, worn but still prominent, calkins, 6 square countersunk nail-holes and distinct wavy-edge bulging of the outer perimeter. L. 97mm. W. (max) 95mm. Type 3. From Petersinger Farm. Probably 13th century. 2010.43.4 This well-preserved shoe is smaller than average and shows visible thickening of the toe to compensate for additional wear. 268 Shoe with 2 broad and somewhat worn calkins, 6 square nail-holes and a distinctly arched inner proile. L. 113mm. W. 94mm. Type 3. From Petersinger Farm. Probably 13th century. 2010.43.5 Fig 00 This well-preserved shoe has a very noticeably thickened toe to allow for wear caused by the relatively high calkins and is clearly intended for a rear hoof. 269 Shoe without calkins and with 6 square nailholes. L. 101mm. W. 98mm. Type 3/4. Drainage coll. Probably 12th/13th century. 1999R.812.1 Objects of Iron 270 Shoe without calkins and with four square nailholes on each side. L. 113mm. W. 112mm. Type 4. From Clarendon Palace, Late medieval. Goodall 1988, 222 and ig. 82, no. 112. 1957.47 Fig 00 There are four other shoe fragments from Clarendon Palace. Goodall 1988, 222 and ig. 82, no. 113-16. 271 Shoe with single calkin and 3 nail-holes each side, 3 nails surviving. L. 122mm. W. 114mm. Type 4. Drainage coll. 14th century. SD604; 2007R.219 Fig 00 272 Shoe with 2 calkins and 4 rectangular nail-holes each side. L. (surviving) 115mm. W. 124mm. Type 4. Drainage coll. 15th century. SD 608; 2007R.220 273 Shoe with pointed arch internal profile. Heels have a wedge and a calkin; 6 nail-holes, 3 of which have nails in situ. L. 117mm. W. 114mm. Type 4.?Drainage coll. 14th or early 15th century. 1996R.2081.1 One of the nails might possibly be the remains of a spiral clench, which theoretically allowed a loose shoe to be tightened without the need to replace the nail. 274 Shoe with arched inner proile. The heels have a calkin and a worn wedge; 6 square nail-holes, 1 corroded through. L. 124mm. W. 112mm. Type 4.?Drainage coll. 14th century. 1996R.2081.3 275 Shoe with a worn, broad calkin on one heel (other heel broken) and 6 large, square nail-holes. L. 117mm. W. 106mm. Type 4. ?Drainage coll. 14th15th century. 1996R.2085.10 Fig 00 This well-preserved and very solid shoe is bent as though possibly wrenched from the hoof. 276 Shoe with prominent arched inner proile; heels have a wedge and calkin; 7 square nail-holes (4 and 3). L. 131mm. W. 119mm. Type 4. ?Drainage coll. Late medieval. 1996R.2085.1 277 Shoe with no visible calkins or wedges, 6 large square nail-holes and well-rounded shape. L. 171 112mm. W. 99mm. Type 4. ?Drainage coll. 13th14th century. 1996R.2085.3 Fig 00 Almost certainly a fore-shoe. It has slight distortion and damage to one branch that may have occurred during loss from the hoof. 278 Shoe with rounded inner proile, worn and shallow calkins and 8 square nail-holes (3 nails in situ). L. 127mm. W. 115mm. Type 4. ?Drainage coll. Late medieval. 1996R.2085.4 Fig 00 The calkins are shaped almost to a point, which may indicate the shoe was for winter use. Another example probably from the Drainage coll. (1996R.2085.8) has calkins shaped to ‘chisel points’ that also suggest modiication to winter conditions (pers. comm. Ken Smith). 279 Shoe with worn wedge/calkin on the heels and 6 square nail-holes. Wide web, almost lat, slightly dished, with rounded inner proile. L. 123mm. W. 119mm. Type 4. From Petersfinger Farm. Late medieval.2010.43.1 280 Shoe with one broad low calkin on one branch but no wedge on the other, 6 square nail-holes, distinctly arched proile and a dished form. Some wear evident at toe. L. (surviving) 106mm. W. 107mm. Type 4. From Petersinger Farm. Probably 14th-15th century. 2010.43.3 281 Plain edge shoe with one calkin and two of the six nails present. L. 111mm. W. 107mm. Type 4. From Gomeldon, building 1. 13th-14th century. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 14, no. 40. 1964.74 282 Plain edge shoe with two calkins and ive of the six nails present. L. 116mm. W.112mm. Type 4. From Gomeldon, building 1. 13th-14th century. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 14, no. 41. 1964.74 Fig 00 Since Cat 281-2 retained some of their nails and were found in the same building the excavators suggested that it may be evidence for farriery. Clark cites these as early examples of his type 4 (Clark 1995, 97). 283 Shoe, much corroded, with one calkin and 172 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 a wedge, 6 nail-holes and prominent arched inner proile. L. 114mm. W. 112mm. Type 4. Casual ind from the deserted village at Gomeldon. Probably 14th century. 1974.20 284 Shoe with single relatively high calkin and 6 square nail-holes. L. 132mm. W. 112mm. Type 4. Found 1932 in Exeter Terrace, Salisbury. Probably 14th-15th century. 1996R.2082 285 Shoe with one calkin and wedge, both worn, and probably 6 square nail-holes. L. 120mm. W. 122mm. Type 4. From Milford Street, Salisbury. Probably late 15th-16th century. 1999R.801 Fig 00 Found at the bottom of a bell-founding pit below a bell cope fragment (see Cat 21, page 75). There are a further six medieval shoes from the Drainage coll. (1999R.804, 806-8, 811 and 812.2-4) and one from Petersinger Farm (2010.43.25). Horseshoe nails There are many horseshoe nails, of two types, from Gomeldon deserted medieval village: 286 Nails of ‘iddle-key’ type. L. 27mm. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and fig. 14 (types 7c-d). 1967.148 Fig 00 These nails were common until the thirteenth century. See Cat 262 for a horse shoe that would have taken nails of this type. 287 Nails of rectangular-headed type. L. 24mm. Musty and Algar 1986, 154 and ig. 14 (types 7a-b). 1967.148 Fig 00 Probably thirteenth century or later. The nail illustrated (ig. 00) is from the horseshoe Cat 282. Stirrups The stirrups here are typical of so many found in that unfortunately they lack a good archaeologically dateable context but they do have features in common with stirrups accepted as medieval. We are most grateful to John Clark for commenting on the stirrups, the discussion of which is essentially his. 288 Stirrup. Trapezoidal form, with rounded lower corners; asymmetrical; oval foot-rest with irregular lozenge-shaped central cut; wide rectangular loop for suspension from strap. H. 163mm. W. 128mm. Drainage coll. SD615; 2007R.229 Fig 00 For the type see Ward Perkins 1940, 91 ig. 25 nos. 2 and 3. Although these are un-stratiied stray inds (possibly from the Thames), Ward Perkins’s mid thirteenth-century dating is acceptable (see also Clark 1995, 72-3 no. 83). A ‘split’ foot-rest is also found on an otherwise differently shaped example, illustrated in Ward Perkins (1940, ig. 25 no. 1), found in a thirteenthcentury storage jar (see Andrews and Dunning 1939, 303-6). The stirrup is asymmetrical rather than just bent out of shape (that is right and left stirrups differ), which Ward Perkins considered typical of the fourteenth century (see his ig. 23 no. 9); however, the ones he cites, and similar examples from London (Clark 1995, 73-4 no. 85) and Winchester (Goodall 1990e, 1042-3, no. 3879, ig. 332) all have ‘boxes’ or cover plates in front of the suspension bar (possibly a later development), so are not directly comparable. An asymmetrical stirrup without a ‘box’ is capable of being used on either foot as it allows the leathers to be fastened as required. Based on a recent survey of the types and dating of post-medieval and modern horse equipment, John Clark (pers. comm.) is not aware of stirrups similar to the Salisbury example that can be irmly dated later. The nineteenth century did see lighter, more curvilinear stirrups replacing, or alongside, the chunky, D-shaped stirrups typical of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, but these are usually readily identiiable as factory products, lacking the hand-crafted irregularities of medieval times. Equally, the stirrup form does not seem to feature in nineteenth-century catalogues or illustrations. Thus on balance a late thirteenth/fourteenth-century date for this stirrup appears most likely. Objects of Iron 289 Stirrup (AE). Trapezoidal form, with curved foot-rest, oval, with turned down edges at front and rear; rectangular-sectioned suspension bar for stirrup leather, protected by plain cover plate at front. H. 125mm. W. 102mm. Drainage coll. SD613; 2007R.228 Fig 00 This form is known both in cast copper alloy and wrought iron. For copper-alloy examples see Clark 1995, 73 ig. 55 - an example from 173 the River Thames in the Museum of London (O2587) - and other parallels quoted (ibid 74), and for wrought iron see Ward Perkins 1940, 94 ig. 26 no. 2 (MoL 7321). The type is probably fourteenth- to fifteenth-century in date; Clark (ibid 74) suggests a date in the second half of the fourteenth century on the basis of a fragment from a well-dated London archaeological context. BIBLIOGRAPHY Andrews, H. C. and Dunning, G. C. 1939: ‘A Thirteenth-Century Stirrup and StorageJar from Rabley Heath, Herts’, Antiq. J. 19, 303-12 Anon 1871: ‘Antiquities and Works of Art Exhibited: by J. E. Nightingale, a brass key’, Archaeol. J. 28, 248 Baker, D., Baker, E., Hassall, J. and Simco, A. 1979: ‘Excavations in Bedford 1967-1977’, Beds. Archaeol. J. 13, 7-307 Bayley, J., Drury, P. and Spencer, B. 1984: ‘Exhibits at Ballots - 2. A medieval mirror from Heybridge, Essex’, Antiq. 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Phillpotts, ‘Excavations at the Priory and Hospital of St Mary Spital, London’, MoLAS Monogr. 1, 201-10 Egan, G. 1998: The Medieval Household: Daily Living c.1150-c.1450, Medieval Finds from Excavations in London 6 Ellis, B. 1991: ‘Spurs’ in P. and E. Saunders (eds.), Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 1, 54-78 174 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 Evans, D. H. and Loveluck, C. 2009: Life and economy at early medieval Flixborough, c. AD 600-1000: the artefact evidence. Excavations at Flixborough 2 (Oxford) Fairbrother, J. R. 1990: Faccombe Netherton: Excavations of a Saxon and Medieval Manorial Complex, Brit. Mus. Occas. Pap. 74 Fletcher, J. M. J. 1914: ‘Chained Books in Dorset and Elsewhere’, Proc. Dorset Natur. Hist. & Antiq. Field Club, 30, 8-26 Goodall, A. R. 1984: ‘Objects of non-ferrous metal’ in J. P. Allan, Medieval and Post-Medieval Finds from Exeter, 1971-80, Exeter Archaeol. Rep. 3, 337-48 Goodall, I. H. 1978: ‘Appendix 6: Iron Objects’ in A. E. S. Musty ‘Exploratory Excavation within the Monastic Precinct, Waltham Abbey, 1972’, Essex Archaeol. Hist. 10, 157-60 Goodall, I. H. 1981: ‘The medieval blacksmith and his products’ in D. W. Crossley (ed.), Medieval Industry, CBA Res. Rep. 40, 51-62 Goodall, I. H. 1988: ‘Iron Objects’ in T. B. James and A. M. Robinson with E. Eames, 208-223 Goodall, I. H. 1990a: ‘Knives’ in Biddle, M. (ed.) 1990, 835-60 Goodall, I. H. 1990b: ‘Locks and keys’ in Biddle, M. (ed.) 1990, 1001-36 Goodall, I. H. 1990c: ‘Iron ittings for lights’ in Biddle, M. (ed.) 1990, 981-3 Goodall, I. H. 1990d: ‘Iron domestic implements’ in Biddle, M. (ed.) 1990, 818-28 Goodall, I. H. 1990e: ‘Stirrups’ in Biddle, M. (ed.) 1990, 1042-3 Goodall, I. H. 2000: ‘Iron objects’ in Ellis, P. (ed.), Ludgershall Castle. Excavations by Peter Addyman 1964–1972, Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Society Monograph Ser. 2 (Devizes). 143–156 Goodall, I. H. 2011: Ironwork in Medieval Britain: an archaeological study, Soc. Medieval Archaeol. Monogr. 31 Grifiths, D., Philpott, R. A. and Egan, G. (eds.) 2007: Meols: The Archaeology of the North Wirral Coast. Discoveries and observations in the 19th and 20th centuries, with a catalogue of collections, Oxford University School of Archaeology Monogr. 68 Gustafsson, N. B. 2009: ‘För folk och fä: om vikingatida fjättrar och deras användning’, Fornvännen 104, 89-96 Halbout, P., Pilet, C. and Vaudour, C. (eds.) 1987: Corpus des objets domestiques et des armes en fer de Normandie: Du 1er au XVe siècle, Cahier des Annales de Normandie 20 (Caen) Haslam, J. 1980: ‘A Middle Saxon iron smelting site at Ramsbury, Wiltshire’, Medieval Archaeol. 24, 1-68 Henning, J. 1992: ‘Gefangenenfesseln im slawischen Siedlungsraum und der europäische Sklavenhandel im 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert’, Germania 70, 403-26 Jackson, R. 2007: ‘Excavations at the Old Council House, Corn Street, Bristol, 2005’, Bristol and Avon Archaeology 22, 47-78 James, T. B. and Robinson, A. M. with Eames, E. 1988: Clarendon Palace: the History and Archaeology of a Medieval Palace and Hunting Lodge near Salisbury, Wiltshire. Soc. Antiq. Res. Rep. 45 Loader, E. 2000: ‘The Metalwork’ in M. Rawlings, ‘Excavations at Ivy Street and Brown Street, Salisbury, 1994’, Wilts. Arch. Mag. 93, 29 Margeson, S. 1993: Norwich Households: The Medieval and Post-medieval Finds from Norwich Survey Excavations 1971-1978, E. Anglian Archaeol. Rep. 58 (Norwich) Moore, S. 1999: Cutlery for the table: a history of British table and pocket cutlery (Shefield) Müller, M. 1996: ‘Die Turmburg Nürings bei Falkenstein im Taunus’ in B. Schroth, (ed.), Burgenforschung in Hessen, Kleine Schriften aus dem Vorgeschichtlichen Seminar der Philipps-Universität Marburg 46, 161-176 (Marburg) Musty, J. W. G. 1959: ‘A Pipe-line near Old Sarum: Prehistoric, Roman and Medieval Finds including Two Twelfth Century Lime Kilns’, Wilts. Arch. Mag. 57, 179-91 Musty, J. and Rahtz, P. 1964: ‘The Suburbs of Old Sarum’, Wilts. Arch. Mag. 59, 130-54 Objects of Iron Musty, J. W. G. and Algar, D. J. 1986: ‘Excavations at the Deserted Medieval Village of Gomeldon near Salisbury, Wilts’, Wilts. Arch. Mag. 80, 127-69 Ottaway, P. 1992: Anglo-Scandinavian Ironwork from Coppergate, The Archaeology of York 17/6 The Small Finds (York) Ottaway, P. and Rogers, N. 2002: Craft, Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Medieval York, The Archaeology of York: 17/15 The Small Finds (York) Øye, I. 1988: Textile Equipment and its Working Environment, Bryggen in Bergen c.1150–1500, Bryggen Papers 2 (Oslo) Page, P., Atherton, K. and Hardy, A. 2005: Barentin’s Manor: Excavations of the moated manor at Harding’s Field, Chalgrove, Oxfordshire 1976-9. Thames Valley Landscapes Monograph 24 Penny, W. E. W. 1911: ‘The Medieval keys in Salisbury Museum’, Connoisseur 29, 11-16 Phillips, T. 1833: ‘Survey of the manor and forest of Clarendon, Wiltshire in 1272’, Arch. 25, 151-8 Pitt Rivers, Lt.-Gen. 1883: On the Development of Primitive Locks and Keys Pitt Rivers, Lt.-Gen. 1890: King John’s House, Tollard Royal, Wiltshire (privately printed) Rogers, N. S. H. 1993: Anglian and other inds from Fishergate. The Archaeology of York 17/9 The Small Finds (York) Saunders, P. 2009: Channels to the Past: the Salisbury Drainage Collection (Salisbury, 2nd, revised edition) Shortt, H. de S. (ed.) 1960: The Collections Illustrated (Salisbury) Shortt, H. de S. (ed.) 1973: Salisbury Heritage (Salisbury) 175 Smith, K. 1984: ‘Ancient horseshoes: their value as indicators’, The Hatcher Review, 2 (no. 17), 335-42 Stevens, F. 1931: ‘Three axes found at Downton’, Wilts. Arch. Mag. 45, 489-490 Stone, J. F. S. and Charlton, J. 1935: ‘Trial excavations in the E. Suburbs of Old Sarum’, Antiq. J. 15, 174-90 Tandy, W. A. 2007: The Chained Library in Wimborne Minster (Wimborne) Tatton-Brown, T. 1996: ‘The Archaeology of the Spire of Salisbury Cathedral’ in L. Keen and T. Cocke (eds.), Medieval Art and Architecture at Salisbury Cathedral, Brit. Archaeol. Assoc. Conf. Trans. 17, 59-67 Tatton-Brown, T. and Crook, J. 2009: Salisbury Cathedral: The Making of a Medieval Masterpiece Thompson, F. H. 1986: ‘Exhibits at Ballots: Iron shackles with barrel padlock and chain from the R. Tyne at Corbridge’, Antiq. J. 68, 311 and pl. L Tylecote, R. F. 1981: ‘The medieval smith and his methods’ in D. W. Crossley (ed.), Medieval Industry, CBA Res. Rep. 20, 42-50 Vince, A. G. (ed.) 1991: Aspects of Saxo-Norman London. 2, Finds and environmental evidence. London & Middlesex Archaeol. Soc. Spec. Pap. 12 Ward, G. 1941: ‘The Iron Age Horseshoe and its Derivatives’, Antiq. J. 21, 9-27 Ward Perkins, J. B. 1940: Medieval Catalogue, London Museum Catalogues 7 Wordsworth, C. 1903: Cartulary of St. Nicholas Hospital (Wiltshire Record Society) 176 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 2 7 4 8 3 11 9 10 Fig 36. Iron: Cat 2-4, 7-12, metal, wood, stone and leather working tools (1:2, mark on Cat 12 1:1) 12 5 Objects of Iron 177 Fig 37. Iron: Cat 5, carpenter’s axe head (1:2) 178 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 13 6 Fig 38. Iron: Cat 6, axe head; Cat 13, sickle blade (1:2, mark on Cat 6 1:1) Objects of Iron 179 18 19 16 17 14 21 23 22 20 24 Fig 39. Iron: Cat 14, 16-24, knives (Cat 24 with bone handle) (1:2, marks on Cat 19, 23 1:1) 180 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 29 28 27 26 25 34 30 31 35 Fig 40. Iron: Cat 25-31, 34-5, knives (Cat 26 with wood, Cat 30 with horn handle, Cat 31, 34 with bone handles) (1:2, mark on Cat 28 1:1) Objects of Iron 42 181 44 39 43 36 45 46 48 Fig 41. Iron: Cat 36, 39, 42-6, 48, knives (Cat 42 with bone scales, Cat 43 with copper alloy, Cat 44 and 48 with bone, Cat 46 with leather) (1:2, marks on Cat 44, 46 1:1) 182 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 31 51 50 49 52 31 58 53 56 55 57 Fig 42. Iron: Cat 49-53, 55-8, knives (Cat 49, 51, 57-8 with bone/wood scales, Cat 49, 53, 56 with copper alloy, Cat 57 with leather sheath) (1:2, marks on Cat 50-2, 57 1:1) Objects of Iron 59 65 62 69 64 66 70 63 Fig 43. Iron: Cat 59, 62-4, knives (with copper alloy); Cat 65-6, 69-70, shears (1:2, marks on Cat 63, 69 1:1) 183 184 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 74 73 71 72 76 77 75 80 Fig 44. Iron: Cat 71-7, shears: Cat 80, scissors (1:2, marks on Cat 71, 73-5, 80 1:1) Objects of Iron 185 82 81 85 87 83 88 Fig 45. Iron: Cat 81-2 (Cat 82 in lead), cramps; Cat 83, tie bar; Cat 85, 87-8, wall-hooks (1:2, except Cat 83 1:4) 186 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 89 90 91 94 97 99 101 92 103 98 95 100 102 Fig 46. Iron: Cat 89, wall anchor; Cat 90-1, staples; Cat 92, 94-5, 97-103, nails (1:2) Objects of Iron 110 111 114 107 109 115 Fig 47. Iron: Cat 107, 109-11, nails; Cat 114, strap hinge; Cat 115, hinge terminal (1:2) 187 188 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 117 113 118 119 121 120 123 124 122 Fig 48. Iron: Cat 113, strap hinge; Cat 117, wall loop (in lead); Cat 118-20, hinge pivots (Cat 118 in lead); Cat 121-2, bolts; cat 123, latch rest; Cat 124, rove (1:2) Objects of Iron 189 126 127 125 128 129 Fig 49. Iron: Cat 125-7 (Cat 127 in lead), window bars; Cat 128-9, padlocks (1:2, except Cat 125 1:4) 190 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 130 131 132 133 134 13 137 Fig 50. Iron: Cat 130-4, padlock parts (Cat 133 copper alloy), Cat 136-7, padlock keys (1:2) Objects of Iron 191 139 140 141 147 149 151 Fig 51. Iron: Cat 139-41, padlock keys; Cat 147, chest lock: Cat 149, 151, draw bolts (1:2) 192 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 153 155 156 154 158 157 176 177 179 193 180 181 Fig 52. Iron: Cat 153-8 (Cat 154 copper alloy), 176-7, 179-81, 193, keys (1:2) Objects of Iron 193 195 205 207 208 206 210 213 233 216 237 219 Fig 53. Iron: Cat 195, 205-8, 210, 213, 216, 219, 233 (Cat 233 copper alloy), keys; Cat 237, escutcheon plate (1:2) 194 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 238 242 241 239 240 240 Fig 54. Iron: Cat 238, shackles; Cat 239-42, bindings; Cat 244, drop handle (1:2, except Cat 238 1:4) Objects of Iron 195 250 245 247 248 251 249 Fig 55. Iron: Cat 245, wax-pan; Cat 247-9, candle holders; Cat 250-1, hooks (1:2) 196 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 252 254 253 258 255 256 Fig 56. Iron: Cat 252-4, chains; Cat 255-8, swivel itting, ring, collar (1:2) 257 Objects of Iron 197 262 260 264 268 Fig 57. Iron: Cat 260, 262, 264-5, 268, 270, horseshoes (1:2) 265 270 198 Salisbury Museum Medieval Catalogue Part 4 271 275 277 278 282 Fig 58. Iron: Cat 271, 275, 277-8, 282, horseshoes (1:2) Objects of Iron 199 285 288 286 287 289 Fig 59. Iron: Cat 285, horseshoe; Cat 286-7, horseshoe nails; Cat 288-9, stirrups (Cat 289 copper alloy) (1:2)

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RELATED TOPICS

ArchaeologyMedieval ArchaeologyMedieval small findsMedieval ObjectsSalisbury MuseumMedieval Dining and CutleryMedieval Horse